Morphology Effects on Free Energies of Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer in Polyoxotungstates

Polyoxotungstates have previously been established to facilitate the hydrogenation of small molecule substrates via hydrogen atom transfer from reactive hydroxyl groups formed at the assembly surface. Understanding structure–function relationships that dictate the thermochemistry and kinetics of proton-coupled electron transfer is key to controlling this chemistry. In this work, we combine comprehensive electrochemical experiments and density functional theory calculations to address how different polyoxotungstate morphologies, specifically W6O19–2, W10O32–4, SiW12O40–4, and P2W18O62–6, affect the bond dissociation free energies of surface hydroxides (BDFE(O–H)) formed upon reduction of the assembly in acidic media. Our results reveal increasing hydroxide bond strengths with increasing cluster size, and that anisotropic cluster geometries result in substantial thermodynamic differentiation of H-binding sites. We demonstrate an excellent agreement between theory and experiments on the reported BDFE(O–H) values and, importantly, we elucidate how cluster size and shape affect electronic properties (local charges and frontier molecular orbitals), giving rise to sites with increased preference for hydrogen binding, demonstrated in higher BDFE(O–H). Overall, this work aids the understanding and design of polyoxometalates exhibiting surface sites with tailored interaction strengths.