Dataset for "Three Essays on Hukou and Internal Migration in China"

Dataset for PhD thesis entitled "Three Essays on Hukou and Internal Migration in China."

Data Description: Annual Composite Hukou Index and Sub-Indices for 120 Chinese Cities (2014–2019).

What is the data?
This dataset contains annual composite Hukou indices and four sub-indices (investment, house purchase, talent program, and employment requirements) for 120 Chinese cities from 2014 to 2019. The indices quantify the strictness of local Hukou policies (household registration system) based on 14 criteria derived from policy documents. The data is structured as a panel dataset, enabling cross-sectional and time-series analyses.

For whom is this data relevant?
Researchers studying urbanization, migration policies, labor markets, and social inequality in China; policymakers evaluating Hukou reforms; and scholars analyzing the multifaceted impacts of institutional barriers on economic and social outcomes.

How was the data generated?
1) Policy Document Collection:
Sources: PKU Law Library (pkulaw.com), CNKI Law (law.cnki.net), hukouwang.com (national Hukou news), bendibao.com (city-level regulations), and local public security bureau websites.
Keywords: "Hukou," "Huji," "Luohu."
Total documents: 640 (50 in 2014, 155 in 2015, 197 in 2016, 130 in 2017, 71 in 2018, 37 in 2019).
2) Quantification Criteria:
Criteria: 14 criteria across four sub-indices (1.Total investment amount 2.Additional conditions for investment 3.Total tax payment amount 4.Additional conditions for tax payment 5.Total value (or area) of house purchased 6.Additional conditions for house purchase 7.Professional ranks and titles 8.Education background 9.Additional conditions to be eligible in the program 10.Nature of business and occupation 11.Length of employment 12.Wage level 13.Payment of social insurance 14.Additional conditions of employment), aligned with Zhang, Wang, and Lu (2019) but extended to annual frequency.
3)Method:
See document"Procedures_for_generating_the_annual_Hukou_index_2014-2019".

Code Availability
The MATLAB code used to generate the Hukou indices, including data preprocessing, min-max normalization, and the PPR-PSO algorithm implementation, is available for academic reuse. Researchers interested in replicating the analysis or adapting the methodology are welcome to request the code by contacting the creator of the dataset.

What does the data include?
Variables:
Composite Hukou Index (range: 0–1; higher = stricter).
Four sub-indices: Investment, House Purchase, Talent Program, Employment.
Geographic Coverage: 120 Chinese cities.
Temporal Coverage: 2014–2019 (annual).
Titles, URL links, and further information on the policy documents.

Why is this data valuable?
Advantages over Zhang, Wang, and Lu (2019):
Temporal Extension: Adds 2017–2019 data to their 2014–2016 coverage.
Annual Frequency: Enables dynamic analysis of policy changes over time (vs. aggregated 2000–2013 and 2014–2016 indices).
Enhanced Policy Details: Includes hukouwang.com, bendibao.com, and local bureaus for granular policy details.

FAIR Compliance:
Findable: Clear documentation and structured metadata.
Accessible: Supplementary dataset provided in machine-readable format.
Interoperable: Aligned with prior literature (Zhang, Wang, and Lu, 2019) for cross-study comparisons.
Reusable: Code and methodology transparency facilitate replication and adaptation.

How to use the data?
Analytical Applications:
Panel regression to analyze Hukou policy impacts on urbanization, entrepreneurship, or talent retention.
Time-series analysis of policy trends post-2014 national Hukou reforms.
Cross-city comparisons of Hukou strictness by sub-index (e.g., investment vs. employment requirements).

Citation:
Zhang, J. P., Wang, R. and Lu, C. (2019) 'A quantitative analysis of Hukou reform in Chinese cities: 2000–2016', Growth and Change, 50(1), pp. 201-221.

This description adheres to FAIR principles by prioritizing clarity, transparency, and contextual relevance, enabling researchers to efficiently locate, understand, and reuse the data for diverse analytical purposes.

Please be aware that Hukou documents are written in Chinese (e.g. List_of_Hukou_documents_2014-2019.csv). Researchers have to be able to understand Chinese to locate and read these documents.

This dataset is provided for non-commercial purposes only. Users are strictly prohibited from reposting this data without proper attribution. Any improper use or redistribution is a violation of the author's rights.

Dataset embargoed until 1 April 2026.

本数据集服务于题为"Three Essays on Hukou and Internal Migration in China."的博士学位论文。

数据说明：面向中国120个城市的年度综合户籍（Hukou）指数与分项指数（2014-2019年）。

### 数据集内容说明
本数据集涵盖2014至2019年中国120个城市的年度综合户籍指数及四项分项指数（投资、购房、人才计划与就业要求）。该指数基于14项源自政策文件的评判标准，量化各地户籍政策（户口登记制度，household registration system）的严格程度。数据集采用面板数据结构，支持截面与时序分析。

### 适用研究群体
本数据集适用于研究中国城市化、移民政策、劳动力市场与社会不平等的研究者，评估户籍改革的政策制定者，以及分析制度壁垒对经济与社会结果多维度影响的学者。

### 数据生成流程
1. 政策文件采集
数据来源：北京大学法律图书馆（pkulaw.com）、中国知网法律库（law.cnki.net）、户籍网（hukouwang.com，全国户籍政策资讯平台）、本地宝（bendibao.com，城市级政策法规平台）及各地公安局官方网站。
检索关键词："Hukou""Huji""Luohu"。
总采集文件量640份（2014年50份、2015年155份、2016年197份、2017年130份、2018年71份、2019年37份）。
2. 量化评判标准
四项分项指数共包含14项评判标准：①投资总额、②投资附加条件、③纳税总额、④纳税附加条件、⑤购房总价值（或面积）、⑥购房附加条件、⑦专业职称与头衔、⑧教育背景、⑨参与计划的附加资格条件、⑩企业性质与职业类型、⑪就业时长、⑫薪资水平、⑬社会保险缴纳情况、⑭就业附加条件。该标准参考Zhang、Wang与Lu（2019）的研究框架，并扩展至年度频率。
3. 具体方法详见文档《Procedures_for_generating_the_annual_Hukou_index_2014-2019》。

### 代码可用性
用于生成户籍指数的MATLAB代码（包含数据预处理、最小-最大归一化及PPR-PSO算法实现）可用于学术复用。有意复现分析或适配该方法的研究者，可通过联系数据集创建者申请获取代码。

### 数据集构成
- 变量：综合户籍指数（取值范围0-1，数值越高代表政策严格程度越强）；四项分项指数：投资、购房、人才计划、就业。
- 地理覆盖：中国120个城市。
- 时间覆盖：2014-2019年，年度频率。
- 附加内容：政策文件的标题、URL链接及补充信息。

### 数据集核心优势
相较于Zhang、Wang与Lu（2019）的研究，本数据集具备三项核心优势：
1. 时序扩展：补充2017-2019年数据，拓展原研究2014-2016年的覆盖范围；
2. 年度频率：支持政策变迁的动态分析，区别于原研究的聚合指数；
3. 精细化细节：新增户籍网、本地宝及各地公安局渠道，获取更细致的政策内容。

### FAIR原则合规性
本数据集遵循FAIR开放数据原则：
- 可发现：配备清晰的文档说明与结构化元数据；
- 可获取：以机器可读格式提供补充数据集；
- 可互操作：与既往研究（Zhang、Wang与Lu，2019）对齐，支持跨研究对比；
- 可复用：代码与方法透明，便于复现与适配。

### 数据分析应用场景
本数据集可用于以下分析：
1. 面板回归分析户籍政策对城市化、创业或人才留存的影响；
2. 2014年全国户籍改革后的政策趋势时序分析；
3. 基于分项指数的城市间户籍政策严格程度对比（如投资与就业要求的差异）。

### 引用规范
Zhang, J. P., Wang, R. and Lu, C. (2019) 'A quantitative analysis of Hukou reform in Chinese cities: 2000–2016', *Growth and Change*, 50(1), pp. 201-221.

本说明遵循FAIR原则，优先保障清晰性、透明度与语境相关性，便于研究者快速定位、理解并复用本数据集开展多样化分析。

请注意，所有户籍政策文件均为中文撰写（例如《List_of_Hukou_documents_2014-2019.csv》），研究者需具备中文读写能力方可定位与查阅相关文件。

本数据集仅可用于非商业用途，未经合理署名的转载行为均被严格禁止，任何不当使用或重新分发均侵犯作者合法权益。

本数据集的延期公开限制将于2026年4月1日解除，届时可正式公开使用。