Current effective population sizes for all continental populations and selected African groups were calculated from the theta value generated by LAMARC version 2.1.8 by employing a Bayesian approach.

Archaic theta was calculated using the formula: theta (at time t) = theta (now)EXP(−gt).Ne is calculated at different generations (in bracket) in the past using mutation rate of 9.2×10−7 substitutions/site/generation.The archaic Ne at different time (in generations) interval in the past was calculated subsequently after the archaic theta was calculated from the current theta using a formula: theta (t) = theta (now)*EXP (growth rate*t*mutation rate).