Bronchiectasis

Abstract: Bronchiectasis Bronchiectasis is a chronic and irreversible condition characterized by the permanent dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles, resulting from the destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall. It often develops as a consequence of recurrent pulmonary infections, obstruction, or inherited disorders such as cystic fibrosis. The condition leads to abnormal mucus accumulation, impaired clearance, and a cycle of infection and inflammation that progressively damages the airways. Clinically, patients experience a persistent cough producing copious purulent sputum, recurrent respiratory infections, dyspnea, and occasionally hemoptysis. The chronic nature of the disease often affects patients’ quality of life, causing fatigue, reduced exercise tolerance, and social distress due to coughing and sputum production. Diagnosis is primarily established through high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), which reveals dilated, thick-walled bronchi. Sputum culture and pulmonary function tests assist in assessing infection and respiratory impairment. Treatment focuses on breaking the vicious cycle of infection and inflammation. It includes long-term airway clearance techniques, antibiotics for infections, bronchodilators, and sometimes surgical intervention for localized disease. Comprehensive management and patient education are essential to improve outcomes, reduce exacerbations, and enhance quality of life. Early recognition and multidisciplinary care remain the key to controlling disease progression and maintaining pulmonary function. Keywords: Bronchiectasis, chronic lung disease, airway dilatation, infection, inflammation, sputum clearance.