Research data for Catena- Kheirfam et al.

This study presents a three-year field trial evaluating the mid-term effects of a single biochar application on the restoration and functional development of biological soil crusts (BSCs) within cold semi-arid no-till agricultural landscapes. Biological soil crusts are critical for surface stabilization, nutrient cycling, and hydrological regulation in dryland ecosystems, yet their recovery under anthropogenic pressure remains slow and poorly quantified over medium-term scales. Our work addresses this gap through a dose-response field experiment (0, 25, 50, and 75 t ha⁻¹) and quantifies BSC richness using a composite index integrating ten physical, chemical, and biological indicators. We demonstrate that a single biochar application persistently enhances BSC development, soil organic matter, microbial activity, aggregate stability, and crust thickness for at least three years, with clear dose-dependent responses and no adverse salinity effects. These findings provide robust, field-based evidence that biochar can accelerate surface biological recovery and enhance landscape resilience in conservation-managed semi-arid agroecosystems.