Data from: Evolutionary history of Neotropical butterflies of the infratribe Neosatyriti based on target enrichment (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Satyrini)

The infratribe Neosatyriti is a section of the entirely Neotropical subtribe Pronophilina, accounting for 57 species distributed from southern Patagonia to the Andes of northern Peru, and along the Atlantic coast, with the highest diversity in central Chile. They are found two kinds of habitats, i.e. puna, pampa and subantarctic grasslands, and Valdivian forests and Chilean matorral, from sea level to nearly 5000 m a.s.l. A phylogenetical hypothesis of the infratribe is proposed based on molecular data, obtained by target enrichment (TE) of 621 nuclear loci with a total of 248,373 bps, from 53 species of this infratribe and 12 outgroups. The Neosatyriti is being confirmed as monophyletic, and fully supported. Several new combinations are made. Molecular data are congruent with morphological characters except for Homoeonympha which appears to be paraphyletic, thus almost all the genera described originally by L. Herrera, K. Hayward and W. Heimlich in the Twentieth century based only on morphological characters are confirmed as valid, except for Haywardella synonymized with Pampasatyrus. Most genera of the Neosatyriti are either monobasic (6) or include two species (5), and only four (Pampasatyrus, Punargentus, Neomaenas, Faunula) contain from five to seven species. The Neosatyriti diverged from other Pronophilina some 23 My, and split into two major lineages some 20My. Our reconstructions do not indicate clearly a single area of origin, rather a multisource origin, but they suggest the Neosatyriti originated in the lowlands, and that their ancestral plants were non-bambusoid grasses. Major divergence of the infratribe started some 12-11My when it split into the “Argyrophorus clade” (9 genera), the “Pampasatyrus clade” (4 genera) and “Faunula clade” (5 genera). The next main radiation took place some 7-5My with the switch to bamboo host plant and the colonization of Valdivian forests. Final dispersal of the tribe was associated with the colonization of Mata Atlantica some 6-5My, and high Andean puna in Peru in the early Pleistocene.