Contrasts in honeybee pathogen abundance (deformed wing virus DWV, black queen cell virus BQCV and varroa) and AChE expression by date and neonicotinoid treatment.

(1), (2), (3) and (4) are the sampled dates 13-July-12, 23-August-12, 02-October-12 and 15-January-13 respectively.ΔΔ CT is the threshold cycle in qPCR reactions, SE: the standard errors of ΔΔ CT and RQ is the relative quantity of the RNA template in the original samples. P-value is the probability of RQ mean value by the Welch-Satterthwaite t-test on linear mixed models between colonies located in neonicotinoid treated and untreated cornfields. (-) means not applicable.Contrasts in honeybee pathogen abundance (deformed wing virus DWV, black queen cell virus BQCV and varroa) and AChE expression by date and neonicotinoid treatment.