Negotiating Reproductive Outcomes Survey 1995-1996 - Uganda

Abstract
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The Negotiating Reproductive Outcomes (NRO) study was conducted in two districts in Uganda--Masaka and Lira. It was implemented jointly by the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program of Macro International Inc. and the Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics (ISAE) at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. The study has two components, a focus group study and a survey of women and men. The survey population includes 1,750 women age 20-44 and 1,356 of their male partners, whether formally married or living together. The survey data are representative of the two districts and were designed to enable estimates to be made for urban and rural areas separately within each district.

The study has three primary objectives:
- To examine how reproductive decisions and their outcomes are negotiated within sexual unions;
- To determine which characteristics of the individual, household, and community influence the negotiation process; and
- To investigate how the position of women influences their ability to negotiate the outcomes they desire.

Geographic coverage
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The survey covered two districts in Uganda - Lira and Masaka

Analysis unit
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- Household
- Individual
- Children age 0-5
- Woman age 20-44
- Man age 15-59

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The NRO sample was designed to provide separate estimates for each district as well as for urban and rural areas within each district. Since both districts are predominantly rural, it was necessary to oversample urban areas to obtain sufficient number of urban respondents. When urban and rural samples are combined, weights are used to accommodate the oversampling of urban areas. In addition, the census definition of urban areas in Lira district was modified to improve its comparability with the definition used in Masaka and to avoid oversaturation of the one "official" urban area in Lira.

The sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, census enumeration areas (EAs) were selected with probability proportional to size; in the second stage, households were systematically selected within each EA. Forty EAs were selected in each district, for a total of 80 EAs. Of these, 23 were EAs that had been enumerated for the 1995 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS). These were chosen so that the household listings that had been prepared for the UDHS could be re-used by the NRO teams. In the remaining 57 EAs, the interview teams constructed a household listing through various means, most commonly by using the list kept by the local government official (RC1), and then selecting households systematically.

Note: Appendix A of the final report provides a full description of the sample design.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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Based on the results of the focus group study and on an examination of the relevant demographic and anthropological literature, three questionnaires were developed and used to collect the data: household questionnaire, women's questionnaire, and men's questionnaire.

Cleaning operations
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Data entry began two weeks after the commencement of fieldwork. The survey data were entered on three microcomputers in the project office in Kampala. All data processing for the survey was done with ISSA (Integrated System for Survey Analysis). Initial editing and consistency checking of the questionnaires was performed in the field by the team supervisors. Some further coding and editing was carried out in the project office prior to data entry. The data entry program detects range, skip, and many consistency errors at the data entry stage. In addition, one hundred percent of the questionnaires were reentered for verification. Finally, secondary editing was performed using a program that carries out complex internal consistency checks and prints out a list of errors, which were then checked against the questionnaires and corrected where possible.

Response rate
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A total of 3,869 households were selected for interview. Of these, 3,710 were found. The remainder were not valid households either because the dwelling was vacant or destroyed or because the household was absent for an extended period or could not be located. Approximately 97 percent of the contacted households (3,610 households) were successfully interviewed.

The household questionnaires identified 2,384 eligible women. Interviews with 485 of these women were terminated after the initial questions on marital status, however, because they did not meet the study criteria for marital status or long-term relationship. Interviews were completed with 1,750 women who were married, living together with a partner, or in a stable sexual relationship, for a response rate of 92 percent. Among the 1,750 women with complete interviews, there were 1,660 male partners who were eligible for interview. Of these, 1,356 were successfully interviewed, for a male partner response rate of 82 percent.

摘要
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生殖结果协商研究（NRO）在乌干达的两个地区——马萨卡和利拉进行。该研究由 Macro 国际公司的人口与健康调查（DHS）项目和乌干达坎帕拉 Makerere 大学统计学与应用经济学研究所（ISAE）联合实施。研究分为两个部分，即焦点小组研究和男女受访者调查。调查人群包括 1,750 名 20-44 岁的女性及其 1,356 名男性伴侣，无论是否正式结婚或同居。调查数据代表了这两个地区，旨在使每个地区城市和农村的估计值能够分别进行。

研究的主要目标有三个：
- 调查在性关系中如何协商生殖决策及其结果；
- 确定哪些个人、家庭和社区的特征会影响协商过程；
- 调查女性的地位如何影响她们协商所期望结果的能力。

地理覆盖范围
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调查覆盖了乌干达的两个地区——利拉和马萨卡。

分析单位
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 0-5 岁儿童
- 20-44 岁女性
- 15-59 岁男性

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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NRO 样本的设计旨在为每个地区以及每个地区内的城市和农村地区提供单独的估计值。由于两个地区主要是农村地区，因此有必要对城市地区进行过度抽样以获得足够数量的城市受访者。当城市和农村样本合并时，使用权重以适应城市地区的过度抽样。此外，利拉地区城市地区的普查定义被修改，以提高其与马萨卡使用的定义的可比性，并避免利拉一个“官方”城市地区的过度饱和。

样本在两个阶段进行选择。在第一阶段，按规模比例概率选择了人口普查区（EAs）；在第二阶段，在每个 EAs 内系统性地选择了家庭。每个地区选择了 40 个 EAs，共计 80 个 EAs。其中，有 23 个 EAs 是为 1995 年乌干达人口与健康调查（UDHS）而进行人口普查的。这些 EAs 被选中，以便为 UDHS 准备的家庭清单可以被 NRO 小组重新使用。在剩余的 57 个 EAs 中，访谈小组通过各种方式构建了家庭清单，最常见的是使用地方政府官员（RC1）保留的清单，然后系统性地选择家庭。

注意：最终报告的附录 A 提供了样本设计的完整描述。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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基于焦点小组研究结果和对相关人口统计学和人类学文献的审查，开发了三个问卷并用于收集数据：家庭问卷、女性问卷和男性问卷。

数据清理操作
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数据录入在实地工作开始两周后开始。调查数据在坎帕拉的项目办公室的三台微型计算机上录入。调查的所有数据处理均使用 ISSA（综合调查分析系统）进行。问卷的初步编辑和一致性检查在实地由团队主管进行。在数据录入之前，在项目办公室进行了一些进一步的编码和编辑。数据录入程序在数据录入阶段检测到范围、跳过和许多一致性错误。此外，对所有问卷进行了 100% 的重新录入以进行验证。最后，使用执行复杂内部一致性检查并打印出错误列表的程序进行了二级编辑，然后根据问卷进行核对并在可能的情况下进行纠正。

应答率
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共选择了 3,869 个家庭进行访谈。其中，发现 3,710 个。其余的不是有效家庭，要么是因为住宅空置或被毁，要么是因为家庭长期缺席或无法找到。大约 97% 的联系家庭（3,610 个家庭）成功接受了访谈。

家庭问卷确定了 2,384 名符合条件的女性。然而，由于这些女性不符合婚姻状况或长期关系的研究标准，因此在对婚姻状况的初始问题之后终止了 485 名这些女性的访谈。完成了 1,750 名已婚、与伴侣同居或处于稳定性关系中的女性的访谈，应答率为 92%。在完成完整访谈的 1,750 名女性中，有 1,660 名符合条件的男性伴侣。其中，1,356 名成功接受了访谈，男性伴侣的应答率为 82%。