Supplementary Materials: System-Level Behavioral Responses to Heat Stress in Dairy Cows under Subtropical Conditions

This supplementary material provides additional analyses supporting the robustness of behavioral responses to thermal load in dairy cows under subtropical conditions. Table S1 presents a sensitivity analysis of broken-stick regression models describing associations between temperature–humidity index (THI) and panting, feeding, and rumination behaviors at the barn level, including the AMS adaptation phase. Figure S1 illustrates the autocorrelation structure of daily panting time, highlighting short-term temporal dependence under shared environmental conditions. These supplementary results support the descriptive, system-level interpretation of behavioral patterns and are not intended for inferential comparisons between milking systems or for defining system-specific thermal thresholds.