Risk factors for complications in bolt-connected external ventricular drains: a case-control study

Background: Strategies to minimize complications related to the placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD) involve different protocols and the design of different types of catheters. One of the most used due to its versatility and ease of placement is the bolt-connected EVD. This study aims to identify risk factors for the main complications following a bolt-connected EVD insertion.

Methods: single-center case-control study. All patients who underwent bolt-connected EVD placement between March 2015 and February 2024 were included. Procedures performed in patients under 16 years old or with incomplete follow-up were excluded. The complications analyzed were infection, hemorrhage, misplacement, obstruction, and accidental pull-out. The need for EVD replacement was also registered. Univariable and Cox regression multivariable analyses were performed.