Long-term Stability and Environmental Safety of In-Situ Stabilization Combined with Micro-fertilization for Cadmium Mitigation in a Soil-Rice System: A Four-Year Field Experiment

In-situ stabilization combined with top-dressing micro-fertilizers effectively reduces cadmium (Cd) in rice grains, but its long-term application effect and potential environmental risks remain unclear. This 4-year field study monitored rice cultivation and soil quality with a one-time basal lime application in the first year and annual applications of micro-fertilizers (sulfate and EDTA forms of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn)) during the tillering stage. Among them, soil quality includes the analysis of microbial populations.