Predation affects the evolution of sex-specific longevity

Predation, a major cause of natural selection, is classically thought to target the weak and sick. However, predators can target animals with condition-dependent sexual traits and therefore high-quality individuals can also be the focus of predation. Thus, it is not always clear which individuals are the foci of predators or how this affects trait evolution. Here we tested for evolutionary effects of sex-specific predation on male and female longevity using replicate populations of the broad-horned flour beetle, Gnatocerus cornutus. We found that male-limited predation resulted in the evolution of reduced male and increased female longevity, while female-limited predation had no effects on the longevity of either sex. We also document costs of reproduction. Coupled with other findings, our results suggest that predation targets high-quality males and, because of negative intersexual genetic correlations, this increases female longevity.