Overview of 16 studies on molecular typing of T. pallidum clinical strains.

aStudy population: GUD-genital ulcer disease, SP-STD patients, including males and females, MSP-male STD patients, and MSM-men who have sex with men.bClinical stage of syphilis: P-primary syphilis, S-secondary syphilis, L-latent syphilis, C-congenital syphilis, and LN-late neurosyphilis.cSpecimen type: PU-primary ulcer, WB-whole blood, SL-secondary lesion, including secondary skin lesion and/or mucosal lesion, CSF-cerebrospinal fluid, PS-plasma specimen, SS-serum specimen, VEF-vitreous eye fluid, ELS-ear lobe scraping, GU-genital ulcer, AU-anal ulcer, and OU-oral ulcer.dGene for T. pallidum detection: tpp47-47 kDa protein gene, bmp-basic membrane protein gene, and polA-DNA polymerase I gene.eFull type was based on two genes (arp and tpr) or three genes (arp, tpr, and rpsA or tp0548).fEight laboratory strains were excluded, remaining 55 clinical strains were included for analysis.gIntroducing a third gene, rpsA.hIntroducing a third gene, tp0548. Laboratory strains were excluded.iT. pallidum DNA was not amplified successfully by screening PCR assay.