Zooplankton responses to simulated marine heatwave in the Mediterranean Sea using in situ mesocosms

Globally, marine heatwave frequency, intensity, and duration are on the rise, posing a significant threat to plankton communities, the foundational elements of the marine food web. This study investigates the ecological and physiological responses of a temperate plankton community in the Thau lagoon, north-western Mediterranean, to a simulated +3°C ten-day heatwave followed by a ten-day post-heatwave period in in-situ mesocosms. Our analyses encompassed zooplankton grazing, production, community composition in water and sediment traps, as well as oxidative stress and anti-oxidant biomarkers. The results revealed increased abundances of harpacticoid copepods and polychaete larvae during the simulated heatwave and post-heatwave event. Sediment trap data indicated elevated mortality, particularly dominated by polychaete larvae during the post-heatwave period. Oxidative stress biomarker (lipid peroxidation LPX) levels in the plankton community correlated with temperature, signaling cellular damage during the heatwave. LPX increased and proteins decreased with increasing salinity during the experiment. Offspring production peaked during the post-heatwave phase. Notably, the calanoid copepod Acartia clausi exhibited a preference for ciliates as its primary prey, constituting 20% of the overall available prey. Our findings suggest a potential shift in coastal zooplankton communities during future marine heatwaves, transitioning from calanoid mesozooplankton dominance to a system featuring meroplankton and/or harpacticoid copepods. Although species preying on microzooplankton may gain advantages in such conditions, the study underscores the damaging impact of heatwaves on organismal lipids, with potential consequences for reproduction, growth, and survival within marine ecosystems.

Methods
The mesocosm field experiment studying heatwave effects on the plankton community was conducted using the MEDIMEER platform (Mediterranean platform for Marine Ecosystems Experimental Research) based at the marine station of Sète (SMEL, University of Montpellier 2, 43° 24’ 49” N, 3° 41’ 19” E) in summer 2019. The experiment was conducted in the Thau lagoon in the western Mediterranean Sea which is oligotrophic and is connected to the sea via two permanent inlets. 

The heatwave experiment was conducted between 24 May and 12 June 2019, during a total of 20 days. The size of the transparent mesocosm bags was 280 cm (length) and 120 cm (width), made of vinyl acetate polyethylene film (thickness: 200 µm), reinforced with nylon (Engineering Agency Haikonen Ky), and equipped with a 50 cm long sediment trap. Mesocosms were covered with a polyvinyl-chloride dome, which transmitted 73% of the photosynthetically active radiation PAR, to avoid external inputs and precipitation. A pump (Rule, Model 360) was immersed at 1 m depth to gently mix the mesocosm water.

Two treatments, each in triplicate, were applied to six mesocosms. During the first 10 d of the experiment (D1–D10), the water temperature was raised +3°C in three mesocosms (heatwave H), while the three remaining mesocosms had natural lagoon temperature (control C). After this 10 days period (d11–d20), the temperature was returned to ambient water temperature (post-heatwave PH). During this period, the “control mesocosms” experienced the in situ lagoon temperature. In addition, two incubation mesocosms with the same water temperature as Control and Heatwave experimental mesocosms were established to incubate several samples, thereby avoiding contamination of the experimental mesocosms.

We investigated the zooplankton community composition, vital rates (including grazing, production, survival, and oxidative stress), and the quantity and quality of zooplankton prey, assessing whether these factors were impacted by the heatwave.

Further details in the manuscript: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308846