Subminute diagnostics reveal hidden heterogeneity of deep ageing patterns beyond capacity for second-life lithium-ion batteries - Dataset Part 1

This release provides a large-scale, field-grounded deep-ageing dataset of retired Panasonic NCR18650GA (NCA, 3.5 Ah) cells cycled for three years under consecutive retirement scenarios. It supports cross-dimensional ageing assessment beyond capacity, including energy efficiency, constant-current charge ratio, mid-point voltage, and platform discharge capacity, together with pulse-inspection relaxation voltage (PIRV) measurements that enable equivalent-circuit internal-state identification from 30-second early-charge observations.