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Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2005 - Jamaica

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Abstract --------------------------- The Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) is a household survey programme developed by UNICEF to assist countries in filling data gaps for monitoring human development in general and the situation of children and women in particular. MICS is capable of producing statistically sound, internationally comparable estimates of social indicators. The current round of MICS is focused on providing a monitoring tool for the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the World Fit for Children (WFFC), as well as for other major international commitments. Survey Objectives The 2005 Jamaica Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey has as its primary objectives: - To provide up-to-date information for assessing the situation of children and women in Jamaica. - To furnish data needed for monitoring progress toward goals established by the Millennium Development Goals, the goals of A World Fit For Children (WFFC), and other internationally agreed upon goals, as a basis for future action; - To contribute to the improvement of data and monitoring systems in Jamaica and to strengthen technical expertise in the design, implementation, and analysis of such systems. Survey Content MICS questionnaires are designed in a modular fashion that can be easily customized to the needs of a country. They consist of a household questionnaire, a questionnaire for women aged 15-49 and a questionnaire for children under the age of five (to be administered to the mother or caretaker). Other than a set of core modules, countries can select which modules they want to include in each questionnaire. Survey Implementation The survey was carried out by STATIN with the support and assistance of UNICEF and other partners. Technical assistance and training for the surveys is provided through a series of regional workshops, covering questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation; data processing; data quality and data analysis; report writing and dissemination. Geographic coverage --------------------------- The survey is nationally representative and covers the whole of Jamaica. Analysis unit --------------------------- Households (defined as a group of persons who usually live and eat together) De jure household members (defined as members of the household who usually live in the household, which may include people who did not sleep in the household the previous night, but does not include visitors who slept in the household the previous night but do not usually live in the household) Women aged 15-49 Children aged 0-4 Universe --------------------------- The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 years resident in the household, and all children aged 0-4 years (under age 5) resident in the household. Kind of data --------------------------- Sample survey data [ssd] Sampling procedure --------------------------- The sample for the Jamaica Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) was designed to provide estimates on a large number of indicators on the situation of children and women at the national level, as well as urban and rural areas. Parishes were identified as the main sampling domains and were divided into sampling regions of equal sizes. The sample was selected in two stages. Within each sampling region, two census enumeration areas/Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) were selected with probability proportional to size. Using the household listing from the selected PSUs a systematic sample of 6,276 dwellings was drawn. The sampling procedures are more fully described in the the sampling appendix (appendix A) of the final report. Sampling deviation --------------------------- Five of the selected enumeration areas were not visited because they were inaccessible due to flooding during the fieldwork period. Sample weights were used in the calculation of national level results. Mode of data collection --------------------------- Face-to-face [f2f] Research instrument --------------------------- The questionnaires for the Jamaica MICS were structured questionnaires based on the MICS3 Model Questionnaire with some modifications and additions. A household questionnaire was administered in each household, which collected various information on household members including sex, age, relationship, and orphanhood status. The household questionnaire includes support to orphaned and vulnerable children, education, child labour, water and sanitation, and salt iodization, with optional modules for child discipline, child disability and security of tenure and durability of housing. In addition to a household questionnaire, questionnaires were administered in each household for women age 15-49 and children under age five. For children, the questionnaire was administered to the mother or caretaker of the child. The women's questionnaire include women's characteristics, child mortality, tetanus toxoid, maternal and newborn health, marriage, contraception, and HIV/AIDS knowledge, with optional modules for unmet need, domestic violence, and sexual behavior. The children's questionnaire includes children's characteristics, birth registration and early learning, vitamin A, breastfeeding, care of illness, malaria, immunization, and an optional module for child development. All questionnaires and modules are provided as external resources. Cleaning operations --------------------------- Data were processed in clusters, with each cluster being processed as a complete unit through each stage of data processing. Each cluster goes through the following steps: 1) Questionnaire reception 2) Office editing and coding 3) Data entry 4) Structure and completeness checking 5) Verification entry 6) Comparison of verification data 7) Back up of raw data 8) Secondary editing 9) Edited data back up After all clusters are processed, all data is concatenated together and then the following steps are completed for all data files: 10) Export to SPSS in 4 files (hh - household, hl - household members, wm - women, ch - children under 5) 11) Recoding of variables needed for analysis 12) Adding of sample weights 13) Calculation of wealth quintiles and merging into data 14) Structural checking of SPSS files 15) Data quality tabulations 16) Production of analysis tabulations Details of each of these steps can be found in the data processing documentation, data editing guidelines, data processing programs in CSPro and SPSS, and tabulation guidelines. Data entry was conducted by 12 data entry operators in tow shifts, supervised by 2 data entry supervisors, using a total of 7 computers (6 data entry computers plus one supervisors computer). All data entry was conducted at the GenCenStat head office using manual data entry. For data entry, CSPro version 2.6.007 was used with a highly structured data entry program, using system controlled approach, that controlled entry of each variable. All range checks and skips were controlled by the program and operators could not override these. A limited set of consistency checks were also included inthe data entry program. In addition, the calculation of anthropometric Z-scores was also included in the data entry programs for use during analysis. Open-ended responses ("Other" answers) were not entered or coded, except in rare circumstances where the response matched an existing code in the questionnaire. Structure and completeness checking ensured that all questionnaires for the cluster had been entered, were structurally sound, and that women's and children's questionnaires existed for each eligible woman and child. 100% verification of all variables was performed using independent verification, i.e. double entry of data, with separate comparison of data followed by modification of one or both datasets to correct keying errors by original operators who first keyed the files. After completion of all processing in CSPro, all individual cluster files were backed up before concatenating data together using the CSPro file concatenate utility. Data editing took place at a number of stages throughout the processing (see Other processing), including: a) Office editing and coding b) During data entry c) Structure checking and completeness d) Secondary editing e) Structural checking of SPSS data files Detailed documentation of the editing of data can be found in the data processing guidelines. Response rate --------------------------- In the 6,276 dwellings selected for the sample, 5,604 households were found to be occupied (Table HH.1). Of these, 4,767 were successfully interviewed for a household response rate of 85.1 percent. The reason for this lower response rate is given in the previous section. In the interviewed households, 3,777 women (age 15-49) were identified. Of these, 3,647 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 96.6 percent. In addition, 1,444 children under age five were listed in the household questionnaire. Of these, questionnaires were completed for 1,427 which correspond to a response rate of 98.8 percent. Overall response rates of 82.1 and 84.1 percent were calculated for the women's and under-5's interviews respectively. Note that the response rates for the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA) were lower than in other urban areas and in the rural area. Two factors contributed to this - more dwellings were vacant, often as a result of urban violence, and in the upper income areas access to dwellings was more difficult. In the rural areas, the rains prevented access to some households as some roads were inundated. Sampling error estimates --------------------------- Estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: 1) non-sampling errors and 2) sampling errors. Non-sampling errors are the results of mistakes made in the implementation of data collection and data processing. Numerous efforts were made during implementation of the 2005-2006 MICS to minimize this type of error, however, non-sampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically. Sampling errors can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents to the 2005-2006 MICS is only one of many possible samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differe somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability in the results of the survey between all possible samples, and, although, the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results. The sampling erros are measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean or percentage), which is the square root of the variance. Confidence intervals are calculated for each statistic within which the true value for the population can be assumed to fall. Plus or minus two standard errors of the statistic is used for key statistics presented in MICS, equivalent to a 95 percent confidence interval. If the sample of respondents had been a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulae for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2005-2006 MICS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and consequently needs to use more complex formulae. The SPSS complex samples module has been used to calculate sampling errors for the 2005-2006 MICS. This module uses the Taylor linearization method of variance estimation for survey estimates that are means or proportions. This method is documented in the SPSS file CSDescriptives.pdf found under the Help, Algorithms options in SPSS. Sampling errors have been calculated for a select set of statistics (all of which are proportions due to the limitations of the Taylor linearization method) for the national sample, urban and rural areas, and for each of the five regions. For each statistic, the estimate, its standard error, the coefficient of variation (or relative error -- the ratio between the standard error and the estimate), the design effect, and the square root design effect (DEFT -- the ratio between the standard error using the given sample design and the standard error that would result if a simple random sample had been used), as well as the 95 percent confidence intervals (+/-2 standard errors). Details of the sampling errors are presented in the sampling errors appendix to the report and in the sampling errors table presented in te external resources. Data appraisal --------------------------- A series of data quality tables and graphs are available to review the quality of the data and include the following: Age distribution of the household population Age distribution of eligible women and interviewed women Age distribution of eligible children and children for whom the mother or caretaker was interviewed Age distribution of children under age 5 by 3 month groups Age and period ratios at boundaries of eligibility Percent of observations with missing information on selected variables Presence of mother inthe household and person interviewed for the under 5 questionnaire School attendance by single year age Sex ratio at birth among children ever born, surviving and dead by age of respondent Distribution of women by time since last birth Scatterplot of weight by height, weight by age and height by age Graph of male and female population by single years of age Population pyramid The results of each of these data quality tables is shown in the appendix of the final report and is also given in the external resources section. The general rule for presentation of missing data in the final report tabulations is that a column is presented for missing data if the percentage of cases with missing data is 1% or more. Cases with missing data on the background characteristics (e.g. education) are included in the tables, but the missing data rows are suppressed and noted at the bottom of the tables in the report (not in the SPSS output, however).

摘要 --------------------------- 联合国儿童基金会(UNICEF)为协助各国填补监测人类发展总体状况以及儿童和妇女特定状况的数据空白,开发了多指标集群调查(MICS)这一家庭调查项目。MICS能够产生具有统计学上可靠性和国际可比性的社会指标估计。当前阶段的MICS旨在为千年发展目标(MDGs)、世界适宜儿童成长(WFFC)以及其他重要的国际承诺提供监测工具。 调查目标 2005年牙买加多指标集群调查的主要目标如下: - 提供最新信息,以评估牙买加儿童和妇女的状况。 - 提供所需数据,以监测实现千年发展目标、世界适宜儿童成长目标以及其他国际共识目标所取得的进展,作为未来行动的基础; - 贡献于牙买加数据与监测系统的改进,并加强设计、实施和分析此类系统所需的技术专长。 调查内容 MICS问卷以模块化方式设计,可轻松定制以满足各国的需求。它们包括家庭问卷、针对15-49岁女性的问卷以及针对五岁以下儿童的问卷(由母亲或照顾者执行)。除了核心模块外,各国可以自行选择在每份问卷中包含哪些模块。 调查实施 该调查由STATIN执行,并得到UNICEF和其他合作伙伴的支持和协助。通过一系列区域性研讨会提供调查的技术协助和培训,涵盖问卷内容、抽样和调查实施;数据处理;数据质量与数据分析;报告撰写与传播。 地理覆盖范围 --------------------------- 该调查在全国范围内具有代表性,覆盖了整个牙买加。 分析单位 --------------------------- 家庭(定义为通常共同生活和进食的一群人) 法定家庭成员(定义为通常居住在家庭中的人,可能包括前一天晚上未在家庭中过夜的人,但不包括前一天晚上在家庭中过夜但通常不住在家庭中的访客) 15-49岁女性 0-4岁儿童 总体 --------------------------- 该调查覆盖了所有法定家庭成员(常住居民)、所有居住在家庭中的15-49岁女性以及所有居住在家庭中的0-4岁儿童(5岁以下)。 数据类型 --------------------------- 样本调查数据 [ssd] 抽样程序 --------------------------- 牙买加多指标集群调查(MICS)的样本设计旨在为国家层面以及城市和农村地区的大量指标提供估计。教区被确定为主要的抽样领域,并划分为大小相等的抽样区域。样本分为两个阶段进行选择。在每一个抽样区域内,选择两个按规模成比例的概率抽样单元/一级抽样单元(PSU)。使用所选PSU的家庭清单,抽取了6,276个居住单位的系统样本。 抽样程序在最终报告的抽样附录(附录A)中进行了更详细的描述。 抽样偏差 --------------------------- 由于工作期间洪水导致无法进入,五个选定的抽样单元未被访问。在计算国家级结果时使用了样本权重。 数据收集方式 --------------------------- 面对面 [f2f] 研究工具 --------------------------- 牙买加MICS的问卷是基于MICS3模型问卷进行修改和补充的结构化问卷。每个家庭都进行了家庭问卷,收集了有关家庭成员的各种信息,包括性别、年龄、关系和孤儿状态。家庭问卷包括对孤儿和弱势儿童的支援、教育、儿童劳动、水和卫生以及食盐碘化,并包含儿童纪律、儿童残疾、土地安全性和住房耐久性等可选模块。除了家庭问卷外,每个家庭还进行了针对15-49岁女性和五岁以下儿童的问卷。对于儿童,问卷由孩子的母亲或照顾者执行。女性问卷包括女性的特征、儿童死亡率、破伤风类毒素、母亲和新生儿健康、婚姻、避孕和HIV/AIDS知识,并包含未满足的需求、家庭暴力和性行为等可选模块。儿童问卷包括儿童的特征、出生登记和早期学习、维生素A、母乳喂养、疾病护理、疟疾、免疫接种以及儿童发展的可选模块。所有问卷和模块均作为外部资源提供。 数据清理操作 --------------------------- 数据以集群为单位进行处理,每个集群被视为数据处理各阶段的一个完整单元。每个集群经过以下步骤: 1) 问卷接收 2) 办公室编辑和编码 3) 数据录入 4) 结构和完整性检查 5) 验证录入 6) 验证数据的比较 7) 原始数据的备份 8) 次级编辑 9) 编辑数据的备份 所有集群处理完毕后,所有数据连接在一起,然后对所有数据文件完成以下步骤: 10) 导出为SPSS的4个文件(hh - 家庭,hl - 家庭成员,wm - 女性,ch - 5岁以下儿童) 11) 变量重编码,这些变量是分析所需的 12) 添加样本权重 13) 计算财富五分位数并将其合并到数据中 14) SPSS文件的结构性检查 15) 数据质量汇总 16) 生成分析汇总 这些步骤的详细信息可以在数据处理文档、数据编辑指南、CSPro和SPSS中的数据处理程序以及汇总指南中找到。 数据录入由12名数据录入员在两班次中进行,由2名数据录入监督员监督,共使用7台计算机(6台数据录入计算机和1台监督员计算机)。所有数据录入都在GenCenStat总部使用手动数据录入进行。对于数据录入,使用了CSPro版本2.6.007,并使用高度结构化的数据录入程序,采用系统控制的方法,控制每个变量的录入。所有范围检查和跳过都由程序控制,操作员无法覆盖这些。数据录入程序还包括有限的一致性检查。此外,数据录入程序还包括了用于分析的人体测量Z分数的计算。开放式回答(“其他”答案)未录入或编码,除非在罕见情况下,回答与问卷中现有的代码相匹配。 结构和完整性检查确保了集群的所有问卷都已录入,结构健全,并为每位符合条件的女性和儿童存在女性和儿童的问卷。 对所有变量的100%验证是通过独立验证进行的,即数据的双重录入,随后分别比较数据,然后由最初键入文件的原始操作员修改一个或两个数据集以纠正键入错误。 在CSPro的所有处理完成后,在将数据连接在一起之前,对所有单个集群文件进行了备份。 数据编辑在整个处理过程中发生(参见其他处理),包括: a) 办公室编辑和编码 b) 在数据录入期间 c) 结构检查和完整性检查 d) 次级编辑 e) SPSS数据文件的结构检查 有关数据编辑的详细文档可以在数据处理指南中找到。 响应率 --------------------------- 在选定的6,276个居住单位中,发现5,604个家庭被占用(表HH.1)。其中,4,767个家庭成功接受了访谈,家庭响应率为85.1%。响应率较低的原因在前一节中给出。在受访的家庭中,确定了3,777名(15-49岁)女性。其中,3,647名成功接受了访谈,响应率为96.6%。此外,家庭问卷中列出了1,444名五岁以下儿童。其中,完成了1,427份问卷,响应率为98.8%。 女性和5岁以下儿童的访谈总体响应率分别为82.1%和84.1%。请注意,金斯敦大都会区(KMA)的响应率低于其他城市地区和农村地区。两个因素导致了这一点——更多住宅空置,通常是由于城市暴力所致,并且在高收入地区进入住宅更加困难。在农村地区,雨水阻止了进入一些家庭,因为一些道路被淹没。 抽样误差估计 --------------------------- 样本调查的估计受到两种类型误差的影响:1)非抽样误差和2)抽样误差。非抽样误差是数据收集和数据处理实施中犯错的产物。在2005-2006年MICS的实施过程中,做出了众多努力以尽量减少此类误差,然而,非抽样误差是无法避免的,并且难以进行统计评估。 抽样误差可以统计评估。2005-2006年MICS的受访者样本只是从同一总体中可能选择的许多样本之一,使用相同的设计和预期规模。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与实际选定样本的结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间调查结果差异的一种指标,尽管差异的程度并不完全清楚,但可以从调查结果中估计出来。抽样误差以特定统计量(均值或百分比)的标准误差来衡量,这是方差的平方根。每个统计量都计算置信区间,其中可以假设总体真实值落在其中。MICS中呈现的关键统计数据使用加减两个标准误差,相当于95%的置信区间。 如果受访者样本是一个简单随机样本,则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而,2005-2006年MICS的样本是多层次分层设计的产物,因此需要使用更复杂的公式。SPSS复杂样本模块已被用于计算2005-2006年MICS的抽样误差。此模块使用泰勒线性化方法估计调查估计的方差,这些估计是均值或比例。此方法在SPSS文件CSDescriptives.pdf中有记录,该文件位于SPSS的帮助、算法选项下。 已为选定的一组统计数据(由于泰勒线性化方法的限制,所有这些数据都是比例)计算了抽样误差,包括国家级样本、城市和农村地区以及五个区域中的每个区域。对于每个统计量,估计值、其标准误差、变异系数(或相对误差——标准误差与估计值的比率)、设计效应以及设计效应的平方根(DEFT——使用给定样本设计计算的标准误差与使用简单随机样本计算的标准误差之间的比率),以及95%的置信区间(加减两个标准误差)。 抽样误差的详细信息在报告的抽样误差附录中呈现,并在外部资源中提供的抽样误差表中呈现。 数据评估 --------------------------- 一系列数据质量表格和图形可用于审查数据质量,包括以下内容: 家庭人口年龄分布 合格女性和受访女性的年龄分布 合格儿童和被母亲或照顾者访谈的儿童的年龄分布 五岁以下儿童按三个月组别的年龄分布 资格边界处的年龄和时期比率 选定变量上缺失信息的观测值的百分比 家庭中是否存在母亲以及为五岁以下儿童问卷访谈的人 按单一年龄计算的学龄儿童 出生儿童中男性和女性的人口比例,按受访者的年龄分组 按分娩时间划分的女性分布 体重与身高、体重与年龄以及身高与年龄的散点图 按单一年龄划分的男性和女性人口图 人口金字塔 每个这些数据质量表格的结果都在最终报告的附录中呈现,并在外部资源部分给出。 在最终报告汇总中呈现缺失数据的一般规则是,如果缺失数据的百分比达到1%或更多,则呈现缺失数据列。具有背景特征(例如教育)缺失数据的案例包含在表中,但缺失数据行被抑制,并在报告的底部(但不在SPSS输出中)注明。 数据类型 --------------------------- 样本调查数据 [ssd] 抽样程序 --------------------------- 牙买加多指标集群调查(MICS)的样本设计旨在为国家层面以及城市和农村地区的大量指标提供估计。教区被确定为主要的抽样领域,并划分为大小相等的抽样区域。样本分为两个阶段进行选择。在每一个抽样区域内,选择两个按规模成比例的概率抽样单元/一级抽样单元(PSU)。使用所选PSU的家庭清单,抽取了6,276个居住单位的系统样本。 抽样程序在最终报告的抽样附录(附录A)中进行了更详细的描述。 抽样偏差 --------------------------- 由于工作期间洪水导致无法进入,五个选定的抽样单元未被访问。在计算国家级结果时使用了样本权重。 数据收集方式 --------------------------- 面对面 [f2f] 研究工具 --------------------------- 牙买加MICS的问卷是基于MICS3模型问卷进行修改和补充的结构化问卷。每个家庭都进行了家庭问卷,收集了有关家庭成员的各种信息,包括性别、年龄、关系和孤儿状态。家庭问卷包括对孤儿和弱势儿童的支援、教育、儿童劳动、水和卫生以及食盐碘化,并包含儿童纪律、儿童残疾、土地安全性和住房耐久性等可选模块。除了家庭问卷外,每个家庭还进行了针对15-49岁女性和五岁以下儿童的问卷。对于儿童,问卷由孩子的母亲或照顾者执行。女性问卷包括女性的特征、儿童死亡率、破伤风类毒素、母亲和新生儿健康、婚姻、避孕和HIV/AIDS知识,并包含未满足的需求、家庭暴力和性行为等可选模块。儿童问卷包括儿童的特征、出生登记和早期学习、维生素A、母乳喂养、疾病护理、疟疾、免疫接种以及儿童发展的可选模块。所有问卷和模块均作为外部资源提供。 数据清理操作 --------------------------- 数据以集群为单位进行处理,每个集群被视为数据处理各阶段的一个完整单元。每个集群经过以下步骤: 1) 问卷接收 2) 办公室编辑和编码 3) 数据录入 4) 结构和完整性检查 5) 验证录入 6) 验证数据的比较 7) 原始数据的备份 8) 次级编辑 9) 编辑数据的备份 所有集群处理完毕后,所有数据连接在一起,然后对所有数据文件完成以下步骤: 10) 导出为SPSS的4个文件(hh - 家庭,hl - 家庭成员,wm - 女性,ch - 5岁以下儿童) 11) 变量重编码,这些变量是分析所需的 12) 添加样本权重 13) 计算财富五分位数并将其合并到数据中 14) SPSS文件的结构性检查 15) 数据质量汇总 16) 生成分析汇总 这些步骤的详细信息可以在数据处理文档、数据编辑指南、CSPro和SPSS中的数据处理程序以及汇总指南中找到。 数据录入由12名数据录入员在两班次中进行,由2名数据录入监督员监督,共使用7台计算机(6台数据录入计算机和1台监督员计算机)。所有数据录入都在GenCenStat总部使用手动数据录入进行。对于数据录入,使用了CSPro版本2.6.007,并使用高度结构化的数据录入程序,采用系统控制的方法,控制每个变量的录入。所有范围检查和跳过都由程序控制,操作员无法覆盖这些。数据录入程序还包括有限的一致性检查。此外,数据录入程序还包括了用于分析的人体测量Z分数的计算。开放式回答(“其他”答案)未录入或编码,除非在罕见情况下,回答与问卷中现有的代码相匹配。 结构和完整性检查确保了集群的所有问卷都已录入,结构健全,并为每位符合条件的女性和儿童存在女性和儿童的问卷。 对所有变量的100%验证是通过独立验证进行的,即数据的双重录入,随后分别比较数据,然后由最初键入文件的原始操作员修改一个或两个数据集以纠正键入错误。 在CSPro的所有处理完成后,在将数据连接在一起之前,对所有单个集群文件进行了备份。 数据编辑在整个处理过程中发生(参见其他处理),包括: a) 办公室编辑和编码 b) 在数据录入期间 c) 结构检查和完整性检查 d) 次级编辑 e) SPSS数据文件的结构检查 有关数据编辑的详细文档可以在数据处理指南中找到。 响应率 --------------------------- 在选定的6,276个居住单位中,发现5,604个家庭被占用(表HH.1)。其中,4,767个家庭成功接受了访谈,家庭响应率为85.1%。响应率较低的原因在前一节中给出。在受访的家庭中,确定了3,777名(15-49岁)女性。其中,3,647名成功接受了访谈,响应率为96.6%。此外,家庭问卷中列出了1,444名五岁以下儿童。其中,完成了1,427份问卷,响应率为98.8%。 女性和5岁以下儿童的访谈总体响应率分别为82.1%和84.1%。请注意,金斯敦大都会区(KMA)的响应率低于其他城市地区和农村地区。两个因素导致了这一点——更多住宅空置,通常是由于城市暴力所致,并且在高收入地区进入住宅更加困难。在农村地区,雨水阻止了进入一些家庭,因为一些道路被淹没。 抽样误差估计 --------------------------- 样本调查的估计受到两种类型误差的影响:1)非抽样误差和2)抽样误差。非抽样误差是数据收集和数据处理实施中犯错的产物。在2005-2006年MICS的实施过程中,做出了众多努力以尽量减少此类误差,然而,非抽样误差是无法避免的,并且难以进行统计评估。 抽样误差可以统计评估。2005-2006年MICS的受访者样本只是从同一总体中可能选择的许多样本之一,使用相同的设计和预期规模。这些样本中的每一个都会产生与实际选定样本的结果略有不同的结果。抽样误差是衡量所有可能样本之间调查结果差异的一种指标,尽管差异的程度并不完全清楚,但可以从调查结果中估计出来。抽样误差以特定统计量(均值或百分比)的标准误差来衡量,这是方差的平方根。每个统计量都计算置信区间,其中可以假设总体真实值落在其中。MICS中呈现的关键统计数据使用加减两个标准误差,相当于95%的置信区间。 如果受访者样本是一个简单随机样本,则可以使用简单的公式来计算抽样误差。然而,2005-2006年MICS的样本是多层次分层设计的产物,因此需要使用更复杂的公式。SPSS复杂样本模块已被用于计算2005-2006年MICS的抽样误差。此模块使用泰勒线性化方法估计调查估计的方差,这些估计是均值或比例。此方法在SPSS文件CSDescriptives.pdf中有记录,该文件位于SPSS的帮助、算法选项下。 已为选定的一组统计数据(由于泰勒线性化方法的限制,所有这些数据都是比例)计算了抽样误差,包括国家级样本、城市和农村地区以及五个区域中的每个区域。对于每个统计量,估计值、其标准误差、变异系数(或相对误差——标准误差与估计值的比率)、设计效应以及设计效应的平方根(DEFT——使用给定样本设计计算的标准误差与使用简单随机样本计算的标准误差之间的比率),以及95%的置信区间(加减两个标准误差)。 抽样误差的详细信息在报告的抽样误差附录中呈现,并在外部资源中提供的抽样误差表中呈现。 数据评估 --------------------------- 一系列数据质量表格和图形可用于审查数据质量,包括以下内容: 家庭人口年龄分布 合格女性和受访女性的年龄分布 合格儿童和被母亲或照顾者访谈的儿童的年龄分布 五岁以下儿童按三个月组别的年龄分布 资格边界处的年龄和时期比率 选定变量上缺失信息的观测值的百分比 家庭中是否存在母亲以及为五岁以下儿童问卷访谈的人 按单一年龄计算的学龄儿童 出生儿童中男性和女性的人口比例,按受访者的年龄分组 按分娩时间划分的女性分布 体重与身高、体重与年龄以及身高与年龄的散点图 按单一年龄划分的男性和女性人口图 人口金字塔 每个这些数据质量表格的结果都在最终报告的附录中呈现,并在外部资源部分给出。 在最终报告汇总中呈现缺失数据的一般规则是,如果缺失数据的百分比达到1%或更多,则呈现缺失数据列。具有背景特征(例如教育)缺失数据的案例包含在表中,但缺失数据行被抑制,并在报告的底部(但不在SPSS输出中)注明。
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