Table 1_The resilient Middle Triassic habitable climate following Early Triassic severe carbon isotope oscillations: contributions from microbialites, Upper Yangtze Block.xlsx

The Permian-Triassic mass extinction was one of the worst crises for life on earth, killing >90% of marine species, which induced the carbon cycle perturbation during the entire Early Triassic. Previous studies indicated the global CO2 concentration dropped sharply from 2,800 ppmv to a level of approximately 450 ppmv (comparable to the present) at the Early–Middle Triassic boundary. This optimal CO2 level, a stabilized record of 2‰ δ13Ccarb, persisted throughout the Middle Triassic. While how this long-term habitable CO2 level was maintained remains puzzling. Here, we examined the sedimentary succession that spans the duration from Late Olenekian (late Early Triassic) to Anisian (Middle Triassic), Upper Yangtze Block. The results show that the volume content of microbialites in the carbonate succession increased significantly after the transition from lower thin-bedded dolostones to upper thick-bedded microbialites, indicating the carbon pump shifted from a low-rate chemical carbonate production system to a high-rate microbial carbonate factory. The expansion of microbial mats responded to enhanced terrigenous input and elevated primary productivity. Coincidentally, the δ13Ccarb curve records a change from strong oscillations to a long-term stability. This turnover coincided with the occurrence of plant fossil assemblages (e.g., from northern Italy) and marine fossil assemblages (e.g., from South China). The findings indicate that the enhanced microbial pump, as a dynamic mechanism for atmospheric CO₂ sequestration, was a key modulator of the Middle Triassic global climate system and helped sustain more resilient ecosystems.