New values of travel time, reliability and comfort in the Netherlands

Objective The objective of this study was to generate a new and consistent set of values for changes in travel time, reliability and comfort for the various modes of transport in The Netherlands. These values serve as key input for Social Cost Benefit Analyses (SCBA) for mobility projects. Scope Compared with the previous executed Dutch VTT study date back from 2013, national values of travel time have been laid down for walking and cycling in this study for the first time. The value of travel time for transport to and from airports (in The Netherlands) for travel by airplane have also been determined for the first time. Also new are the values of travel time of comfort. The comfort multipliers indicate the level of comfort in relation to passenger volume for train and BTM, and the comfort of the walking and cycling infrastructure. Methodology The national averaged value of travel time (VTT) and value of travel time reliability (VTTR) for passenger transport are derived from Stated Preference (SP) choice experiments. A questionnaire is distributed among a target audience, containing questions regarding trip characteristics, personal characteristics and several choice experiments. In the experiment, respondents are asked to choose between hypothetical alternatives, each describing a trip in terms of travel time, travel cost and possibly other characteristics. Respondents are asked each time which alternative is preferred. From these choices the value of travel time and travel time reliability can be inferred. The VTT and VTTR values are subsequently estimated by employing discrete choice models: models aiming to explain the observed choice made by the respondent in the experiment. Coefficients and interaction factors are added to these models to improve the model fit: boost the model's ability to explain the data. Once values have been obtained from these models, these number are applied to the sample of respondents to calculate their respective VTT/VTTR. Finally, these values are weighted to match statistics from the recent Dutch national travel survey. As a result, a VTT and VTTR is derived for each mode - purpose (business, commute and other) combination. Data collection About 9,700 respondents participated in the passenger travel survey designed for the national VTT study. Roughly 80% of respondents were recruited from an internet panel and about 20% were recruited by an interviewer intercepting them during their travel. The survey contained 10 unique SP experiments, dedicated to various modes of transport (car, train, bus tram metro (BTM), airplane, recreational navigation, walking and cycling) and valuations (value of travel time, reliability, comfort and more). Each respondent participated in two of them, based on their current travel activities. The choice experiments were dynamically constructed by a pivotal experimental design, so that each respondent received realistic choice tasks relatable to their current travel pattern. The main data collection phase occurred in June and September 2022. Response rates for both the internet panel and intercept recruitment were high compared to previous studies, especially compared to the previous Dutch VTT survey from 2009/2011. The use of a high-quality internet panel and the increased rewards for participation in this new study are the likely cause for this improvement. A filtering procedure based on a list of predetermined conditions was applied to the respondent data. Conditions for exclusion were entries for which it was suspected that something had gone wrong during the survey, either because of a problem in the survey, a misunderstanding, or a mistake made by the respondent. About 80% of the observations remained for further analysis after this procedure. This procedure has resulted in a final dataset of more than 7.500 high-quality reliable responses. Significance was responsible for data gathering and analysis on behalf of the Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis (KiM). Dataset Note that the uploaded datasets contains all (anonymised) data, which includes data from the various pilot studies and other data which are filtered out based on the filtering procedure to obtain the final dataset as above-mentioned.研究目标 本研究旨在为荷兰各类交通方式的出行时间、出行可靠性与出行舒适度变化生成一套全新且统一的量化指标，该指标可作为交通出行项目社会成本效益分析（Social Cost Benefit Analyses, SCBA）的核心输入参数。 研究范围 相较于2013年开展的荷兰首次出行时间价值（Value of Travel Time, VTT）研究，本研究首次为步行与骑行交通方式确立了全国统一的出行时间价值；同时首次测算出荷兰境内航空出行往返机场的出行时间价值。此外，本研究还新增了舒适度量化指标：舒适度乘数用于反映铁路与公交有轨电车地铁（Bus Tram Metro, BTM）的载客量与舒适度的关联关系，以及步行与骑行基础设施的舒适度水平。 研究方法 本研究通过陈述性偏好（Stated Preference, SP）选择实验推导得到客运出行的全国平均出行时间价值（VTT）与出行时间可靠性价值（Value of Travel Time Reliability, VTTR）。研究面向目标受访群体发放调查问卷，问卷内容涵盖出行特征、个人属性及多组选择实验问题。实验中，受访者需在若干基于出行时间、出行成本及其他特征设定的虚拟出行选项中选择更偏好的一项。基于受访者的选择结果，可推导得到出行时间价值与出行时间可靠性价值。 随后，研究采用离散选择模型（discrete choice models）对VTT与VTTR值进行估算：此类模型用于解释受访者在实验中做出的选择行为。为提升模型拟合度，研究向模型中加入了系数与交互因子，以增强模型对数据的解释能力。从上述模型得到初步估值后，研究将其应用于受访者样本，计算每位受访者对应的VTT与VTTR值。最终，通过加权处理使样本数据匹配荷兰最新全国出行调查的统计特征，从而得到每种交通方式-出行目的（公务、通勤及其他）组合下的VTT与VTTR值。 数据采集 为本项全国VTT研究设计的客运出行调查共吸引约9700名受访者参与。其中约80%的受访者来自互联网调研面板，剩余20%通过出行途中拦截采访的方式招募。调研包含10组独立的SP选择实验，覆盖各类交通方式（私家车、铁路、公交有轨电车地铁、航空、休闲航行、步行及骑行）与估值维度（出行时间价值、可靠性价值、舒适度价值等）。每位受访者需根据自身日常出行行为完成其中2组实验。实验采用枢轴式实验设计，确保每位受访者收到的选择任务均贴合其日常出行模式，具备现实合理性。 本次数据采集的主要阶段为2022年6月与9月。与既往研究（尤其是2009/2011年荷兰首次VTT调研）相比，本次互联网面板与拦截采访的受访者应答率均有显著提升。究其原因，大概率得益于本次研究采用了高质量互联网调研面板，并为参与者提供了更高的调研报酬。研究基于一系列预设条件对受访者数据进行了筛选：剔除那些因调研流程故障、受访者理解偏差或作答失误导致的无效答卷。经筛选后，约80%的有效观测值得以保留用于后续分析，最终得到包含7500余份高质量可靠答卷的最终数据集。 荷兰交通政策分析研究所（Netherlands Institute for Transport Policy Analysis, KiM）委托Significance公司负责本次调研的数据采集与分析工作。 数据集说明 本次上传的数据集包含所有已匿名化的原始数据，其中涵盖各试点研究的相关数据，以及经前述筛选流程剔除后未纳入最终数据集的其他数据。