Table_1_Pre-emptive Breeding Against Karnal Bunt Infection in Common Wheat: Combining Genomic and Agronomic Information to Identify Suitable Parents.XLSX

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most widely grown cereal crop in the world and is staple food to half the world’s population. The current world population is expected to reach 9.8 billion people by 2050, but food production is not expected to keep pace with demand in developing countries. Significant opportunities exist for traditional grain exporters to produce and export greater amounts of wheat to fill the gap. Karnal bunt, however, is a major threat, due to its use as a non-tariff trade barrier by several wheat-importing countries. The cultivation of resistant varieties remains the most cost-effective approach to manage the disease, but in countries that are free of the disease, genetic improvement is difficult due to quarantine restrictions. Here we report a study on pre-emptive breeding designed to identify linked molecular markers, evaluate the prospects of genomic selection as a tool, and prioritise wheat genotypes suitable for use as parents. In a genome-wide association (GWAS) study, we identified six DArTseq markers significantly linked to Karnal bunt resistance, which explained between 7.6 and 29.5% of the observed phenotypic variation. The accuracy of genomic prediction was estimated to vary between 0.53 and 0.56, depending on whether it is based solely on the identified Quantitative trait loci (QTL) markers or the use of genome-wide markers. As genotypes used as parents would be required to possess good yield and phenology, further research was conducted to assess the agronomic value of Karnal bunt resistant germplasm from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT). We identified an ideal genotype, ZVS13_385, which possessed similar agronomic attributes to the highly successful Australian wheat variety, Mace. It is phenotypically resistant to Karnal bunt infection (

小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）是全球种植面积最广的谷物作物，也是全球一半人口的主食。预计到2050年，世界人口将达到98亿人，但粮食生产预计无法与发展中国家需求同步增长。传统粮食出口国有机会增加小麦的生产和出口，以填补这一差距。然而，由于多个小麦进口国将其作为非关税贸易壁垒， Karnal bunt（小麦腥黑穗病）成为一大威胁。培育抗病品种是管理此疾病最具成本效益的方法，但在无此疾病的国家，由于检疫限制，遗传改良变得困难。本研究旨在通过前瞻性育种识别连锁分子标记，评估基因组选择作为工具的前景，并优先考虑适合用作亲本的小麦基因型。在基因组关联（GWAS）研究中，我们确定了六个与Karnal bunt抗性显著相关的DArTseq标记，这些标记解释了7.6%至29.5%的观察到的表型变异。基因组预测的准确性估计在0.53至0.56之间变化，这取决于是否仅基于已确定的数量性状位点（QTL）标记或使用全基因组标记。作为亲本使用的基因型需要具备良好的产量和物候特性，因此进一步的研究进行了对国际玉米小麦改良中心（CIMMYT）的Karnal bunt抗性种质农艺价值的评估。我们鉴定了一个理想的基因型，ZVS13_385，它具有与成功澳大利亚小麦品种Mace相似的农艺特性。在表型上，该基因型对Karnal bunt感染具有抗性（）。