BeIR/nq-qrels

---
annotations_creators: []
language_creators: []
language:
- en
license:
- cc-by-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- monolingual
paperswithcode_id: beir
pretty_name: BEIR Benchmark
size_categories:
msmarco:
- 1M<n<10M
trec-covid:
- 100k<n<1M
nfcorpus:
- 1K<n<10K
nq:
- 1M<n<10M
hotpotqa:
- 1M<n<10M
fiqa:
- 10K<n<100K
arguana:
- 1K<n<10K
touche-2020:
- 100K<n<1M
cqadupstack:
- 100K<n<1M
quora:
- 100K<n<1M
dbpedia:
- 1M<n<10M
scidocs:
- 10K<n<100K
fever:
- 1M<n<10M
climate-fever:
- 1M<n<10M
scifact:
- 1K<n<10K
source_datasets: []
task_categories:
- text-retrieval
- zero-shot-retrieval
- information-retrieval
- zero-shot-information-retrieval
task_ids:
- passage-retrieval
- entity-linking-retrieval
- fact-checking-retrieval
- tweet-retrieval
- citation-prediction-retrieval
- duplication-question-retrieval
- argument-retrieval
- news-retrieval
- biomedical-information-retrieval
- question-answering-retrieval
---

# Dataset Card for BEIR Benchmark

## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)

## Dataset Description

- **Homepage:** https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
- **Repository:** https://github.com/UKPLab/beir
- **Paper:** https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ
- **Leaderboard:** https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1L8aACyPaXrL8iEelJLGqlMqXKPX2oSP_R10pZoy77Ns
- **Point of Contact:** [e-mail]

### Dataset Summary

BEIR is a heterogeneous benchmark that has been built from 18 diverse datasets representing 9 information retrieval tasks:

- Fact-checking: [FEVER](http://fever.ai), [Climate-FEVER](http://climatefever.ai), [SciFact](https://github.com/allenai/scifact)
- Question-Answering: [NQ](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions), [HotpotQA](https://hotpotqa.github.io), [FiQA-2018](https://sites.google.com/view/fiqa/)
- Bio-Medical IR: [TREC-COVID](https://ir.nist.gov/covidSubmit/index.html), [BioASQ](http://bioasq.org), [NFCorpus](https://www.cl.uni-heidelberg.de/statnlpgroup/nfcorpus/)
- News Retrieval: [TREC-NEWS](https://trec.nist.gov/data/news2019.html), [Robust04](https://trec.nist.gov/data/robust/04.guidelines.html)
- Argument Retrieval: [Touche-2020](https://webis.de/events/touche-20/shared-task-1.html), [ArguAna](tp://argumentation.bplaced.net/arguana/data)
- Duplicate Question Retrieval: [Quora](https://www.quora.com/q/quoradata/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs), [CqaDupstack](http://nlp.cis.unimelb.edu.au/resources/cqadupstack/)
- Citation-Prediction: [SCIDOCS](https://allenai.org/data/scidocs)
- Tweet Retrieval: [Signal-1M](https://research.signal-ai.com/datasets/signal1m-tweetir.html)
- Entity Retrieval: [DBPedia](https://github.com/iai-group/DBpedia-Entity/)

All these datasets have been preprocessed and can be used for your experiments.

```python

```

### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

The dataset supports a leaderboard that evaluates models against task-specific metrics such as F1 or EM, as well as their ability to retrieve supporting information from Wikipedia.

The current best performing models can be found [here](https://eval.ai/web/challenges/challenge-page/689/leaderboard/).

### Languages

All tasks are in English (`en`).

## Dataset Structure

All BEIR datasets must contain a corpus, queries and qrels (relevance judgments file). They must be in the following format:
- `corpus` file: a `.jsonl` file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with three fields `_id` with unique document identifier, `title` with document title (optional) and `text` with document paragraph or passage. For example: `{"_id": "doc1", "title": "Albert Einstein", "text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born...."}`
- `queries` file: a `.jsonl` file (jsonlines) that contains a list of dictionaries, each with two fields `_id` with unique query identifier and `text` with query text. For example: `{"_id": "q1", "text": "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?"}`
- `qrels` file: a `.tsv` file (tab-seperated) that contains three columns, i.e. the `query-id`, `corpus-id` and `score` in this order. Keep 1st row as header. For example: `q1 doc1 1`

### Data Instances

A high level example of any beir dataset:

```python
corpus = {
"doc1" : {
"title": "Albert Einstein",
"text": "Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist. who developed the theory of relativity, \
one of the two pillars of modern physics (alongside quantum mechanics). His work is also known for \
its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy \
equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed 'the world's most famous equation'. He received the 1921 \
Nobel Prize in Physics 'for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law \
of the photoelectric effect', a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory."
},
"doc2" : {
"title": "", # Keep title an empty string if not present
"text": "Wheat beer is a top-fermented beer which is brewed with a large proportion of wheat relative to the amount of \
malted barley. The two main varieties are German Weißbier and Belgian witbier; other types include Lambic (made\
with wild yeast), Berliner Weisse (a cloudy, sour beer), and Gose (a sour, salty beer)."
},
}

queries = {
"q1" : "Who developed the mass-energy equivalence formula?",
"q2" : "Which beer is brewed with a large proportion of wheat?"
}

qrels = {
"q1" : {"doc1": 1},
"q2" : {"doc2": 1},
}
```

### Data Fields

Examples from all configurations have the following features:

### Corpus
- `corpus`: a `dict` feature representing the document title and passage text, made up of:
- `_id`: a `string` feature representing the unique document id
- `title`: a `string` feature, denoting the title of the document.
- `text`: a `string` feature, denoting the text of the document.

### Queries
- `queries`: a `dict` feature representing the query, made up of:
- `_id`: a `string` feature representing the unique query id
- `text`: a `string` feature, denoting the text of the query.

### Qrels
- `qrels`: a `dict` feature representing the query document relevance judgements, made up of:
- `_id`: a `string` feature representing the query id
- `_id`: a `string` feature, denoting the document id.
- `score`: a `int32` feature, denoting the relevance judgement between query and document.

### Data Splits

| Dataset | Website| BEIR-Name | Type | Queries | Corpus | Rel D/Q | Down-load | md5 |
| -------- | -----| ---------| --------- | ----------- | ---------| ---------| :----------: | :------:|
| MSMARCO | [Homepage](https://microsoft.github.io/msmarco/)| ``msmarco`` | ``train``<br>``dev``<br>``test``| 6,980 | 8.84M | 1.1 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/msmarco.zip) | ``444067daf65d982533ea17ebd59501e4`` |
| TREC-COVID | [Homepage](https://ir.nist.gov/covidSubmit/index.html)| ``trec-covid``| ``test``| 50| 171K| 493.5 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/trec-covid.zip) | ``ce62140cb23feb9becf6270d0d1fe6d1`` |
| NFCorpus | [Homepage](https://www.cl.uni-heidelberg.de/statnlpgroup/nfcorpus/) | ``nfcorpus`` | ``train``<br>``dev``<br>``test``| 323 | 3.6K | 38.2 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/nfcorpus.zip) | ``a89dba18a62ef92f7d323ec890a0d38d`` |
| BioASQ | [Homepage](http://bioasq.org) | ``bioasq``| ``train``<br>``test`` | 500 | 14.91M | 8.05 | No | [How to Reproduce?](https://github.com/UKPLab/beir/blob/main/examples/dataset#2-bioasq) |
| NQ | [Homepage](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions) | ``nq``| ``train``<br>``test``| 3,452 | 2.68M | 1.2 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/nq.zip) | ``d4d3d2e48787a744b6f6e691ff534307`` |
| HotpotQA | [Homepage](https://hotpotqa.github.io) | ``hotpotqa``| ``train``<br>``dev``<br>``test``| 7,405 | 5.23M | 2.0 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/hotpotqa.zip) | ``f412724f78b0d91183a0e86805e16114`` |
| FiQA-2018 | [Homepage](https://sites.google.com/view/fiqa/) | ``fiqa`` | ``train``<br>``dev``<br>``test``| 648 | 57K | 2.6 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/fiqa.zip) | ``17918ed23cd04fb15047f73e6c3bd9d9`` |
| Signal-1M(RT) | [Homepage](https://research.signal-ai.com/datasets/signal1m-tweetir.html)| ``signal1m`` | ``test``| 97 | 2.86M | 19.6 | No | [How to Reproduce?](https://github.com/UKPLab/beir/blob/main/examples/dataset#4-signal-1m) |
| TREC-NEWS | [Homepage](https://trec.nist.gov/data/news2019.html) | ``trec-news`` | ``test``| 57 | 595K | 19.6 | No | [How to Reproduce?](https://github.com/UKPLab/beir/blob/main/examples/dataset#1-trec-news) |
| ArguAna | [Homepage](http://argumentation.bplaced.net/arguana/data) | ``arguana``| ``test`` | 1,406 | 8.67K | 1.0 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/arguana.zip) | ``8ad3e3c2a5867cdced806d6503f29b99`` |
| Touche-2020| [Homepage](https://webis.de/events/touche-20/shared-task-1.html) | ``webis-touche2020``| ``test``| 49 | 382K | 19.0 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/webis-touche2020.zip) | ``46f650ba5a527fc69e0a6521c5a23563`` |
| CQADupstack| [Homepage](http://nlp.cis.unimelb.edu.au/resources/cqadupstack/) | ``cqadupstack``| ``test``| 13,145 | 457K | 1.4 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/cqadupstack.zip) | ``4e41456d7df8ee7760a7f866133bda78`` |
| Quora| [Homepage](https://www.quora.com/q/quoradata/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs) | ``quora``| ``dev``<br>``test``| 10,000 | 523K | 1.6 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/quora.zip) | ``18fb154900ba42a600f84b839c173167`` |
| DBPedia | [Homepage](https://github.com/iai-group/DBpedia-Entity/) | ``dbpedia-entity``| ``dev``<br>``test``| 400 | 4.63M | 38.2 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/dbpedia-entity.zip) | ``c2a39eb420a3164af735795df012ac2c`` |
| SCIDOCS| [Homepage](https://allenai.org/data/scidocs) | ``scidocs``| ``test``| 1,000 | 25K | 4.9 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/scidocs.zip) | ``38121350fc3a4d2f48850f6aff52e4a9`` |
| FEVER | [Homepage](http://fever.ai) | ``fever``| ``train``<br>``dev``<br>``test``| 6,666 | 5.42M | 1.2| [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/fever.zip) | ``5a818580227bfb4b35bb6fa46d9b6c03`` |
| Climate-FEVER| [Homepage](http://climatefever.ai) | ``climate-fever``|``test``| 1,535 | 5.42M | 3.0 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/climate-fever.zip) | ``8b66f0a9126c521bae2bde127b4dc99d`` |
| SciFact| [Homepage](https://github.com/allenai/scifact) | ``scifact``| ``train``<br>``test``| 300 | 5K | 1.1 | [Link](https://public.ukp.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/thakur/BEIR/datasets/scifact.zip) | ``5f7d1de60b170fc8027bb7898e2efca1`` |
| Robust04 | [Homepage](https://trec.nist.gov/data/robust/04.guidelines.html) | ``robust04``| ``test``| 249 | 528K | 69.9 | No | [How to Reproduce?](https://github.com/UKPLab/beir/blob/main/examples/dataset#3-robust04) |

## Dataset Creation

### Curation Rationale

[Needs More Information]

### Source Data

#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization

[Needs More Information]

#### Who are the source language producers?

[Needs More Information]

### Annotations

#### Annotation process

[Needs More Information]

#### Who are the annotators?

[Needs More Information]

### Personal and Sensitive Information

[Needs More Information]

## Considerations for Using the Data

### Social Impact of Dataset

[Needs More Information]

### Discussion of Biases

[Needs More Information]

### Other Known Limitations

[Needs More Information]

## Additional Information

### Dataset Curators

[Needs More Information]

### Licensing Information

[Needs More Information]

### Citation Information

Cite as:
```
@inproceedings{
thakur2021beir,
title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models},
author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{\"u}ckl{\'e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych},
booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)},
year={2021},
url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ}
}
```

### Contributions

Thanks to [@Nthakur20](https://github.com/Nthakur20) for adding this dataset.

原始信息汇总

数据集概述

名称: BEIR Benchmark

描述: BEIR是一个异构基准，由18个不同数据集组成，代表9种信息检索任务。

语言: 英语 (en)

许可: CC-BY-SA-4.0

多语言性: 单语

数据集结构

• 数据集大小:
  • msmarco: 1M<n<10M
  • trec-covid: 100k<n<1M
  • nfcorpus: 1K<n<10K
  • nq: 1M<n<10M
  • hotpotqa: 1M<n<10M
  • fiqa: 10K<n<100K
  • arguana: 1K<n<10K
  • touche-2020: 100K<n<1M
  • cqadupstack: 100K<n<1M
  • quora: 100K<n<1M
  • dbpedia: 1M<n<10M
  • scidocs: 10K<n<100K
  • fever: 1M<n<10M
  • climate-fever: 1M<n<10M
  • scifact: 1K<n<10K

支持的任务

• 任务类别:

  • 文本检索
  • 零样本检索
  • 信息检索
  • 零样本信息检索

• 具体任务:

  • 段落检索
  • 实体链接检索
  • 事实检查检索
  • 推文检索
  • 引用预测检索
  • 重复问题检索
  • 论点检索
  • 新闻检索
  • 生物医学信息检索
  • 问答检索

数据集创建

• 许可证信息: CC-BY-SA-4.0

• 引用信息:

  @inproceedings{ thakur2021beir, title={{BEIR}: A Heterogeneous Benchmark for Zero-shot Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models}, author={Nandan Thakur and Nils Reimers and Andreas R{"u}ckl{e} and Abhishek Srivastava and Iryna Gurevych}, booktitle={Thirty-fifth Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track (Round 2)}, year={2021}, url={https://openreview.net/forum?id=wCu6T5xFjeJ} }

• 贡献者: 感谢@Nthakur20添加此数据集。

搜集汇总

数据集介绍

构建方式

在信息检索领域，构建高质量基准数据集对于评估模型性能至关重要。BEIR基准通过整合18个异构数据集，覆盖了事实核查、问答系统、生物医学检索等九大任务类型。其构建过程涉及对原始数据的系统化预处理，包括文档语料库的格式化整理、查询语句的标准化提取以及相关性标注的规范化处理，确保各子数据集在统一框架下具备可比性与可复现性。

特点

该数据集以其异构性与多样性著称，囊括了从科学文献到社交媒体文本的广泛领域，体现了现实世界中信息检索任务的复杂性。每个子数据集均经过精心设计，不仅包含结构化的语料、查询及相关性标注，还提供了明确的数据划分方案，支持零样本检索评估。其多任务架构使研究者能够全面检验模型在不同场景下的泛化能力与鲁棒性。

使用方法

使用BEIR基准时，研究者需按照其标准数据格式加载语料、查询及相关性标注文件。通过集成提供的评估脚本，可以便捷地计算NDCG@10、MAP等经典检索指标，从而系统化地衡量模型性能。该基准支持端到端的实验流程，用户既可针对特定子任务进行深入分析，也能跨数据集开展综合性评估，为信息检索模型的创新与优化提供坚实支撑。

背景与挑战

背景概述

BEIR基准数据集由Nandan Thakur等研究人员于2021年构建，隶属于UKP Lab等机构，旨在为零样本信息检索模型提供异构评估框架。该数据集整合了来自18个不同领域的子集，涵盖事实核查、问答系统、生物医学检索等九大任务，核心研究问题聚焦于提升模型在未见领域中的泛化能力与鲁棒性。其通过统一的数据格式与评估协议，显著推动了信息检索领域向标准化与可复现性发展，成为衡量检索模型跨领域性能的重要标杆。

当前挑战

BEIR数据集致力于解决信息检索领域中的零样本泛化挑战，即模型在未经特定领域训练的情况下，能否有效处理多样化的检索任务，如事实核查中的证据查找或生物医学文献的精准匹配。在构建过程中，面临数据异构性整合的难题，需将不同来源、结构与标注标准的数据集统一为规范格式，同时确保各子集在规模、语言质量与相关性标注上保持一致性，这涉及复杂的预处理与质量控制流程。

常用场景

经典使用场景

在信息检索领域，BEIR基准测试集以其异构性和多样性著称，为评估检索模型的泛化能力提供了经典场景。该数据集整合了来自事实核查、问答系统、生物医学检索等九大任务的十八个子集，研究者通常利用其标准化的语料库、查询及相关性标注文件，对模型进行零样本或少量样本下的检索性能评估。通过跨领域、跨任务的统一评测框架，BEIR能够系统检验模型在不同信息需求场景下的鲁棒性与适应性。

衍生相关工作

围绕BEIR基准测试集，已衍生出一系列经典研究工作。例如，基于BEIR的零样本检索评估框架，推动了如DPR、ANCE等稠密检索模型的优化与比较；同时，该数据集也成为检索增强生成（RAG）技术的重要评测基准，促进了检索与生成模型的协同演进。诸多研究通过BEIR验证了预训练语言模型在跨任务检索中的潜力，为后续如Contriever、SPLADE等先进检索方法的提出提供了实验支撑。

数据集最近研究

最新研究方向

在信息检索领域，BEIR基准作为异构评估框架，正推动着零样本检索模型的前沿探索。当前研究聚焦于提升预训练语言模型在多样化任务上的泛化能力，如事实核查、问答及生物医学检索等。随着大语言模型的兴起，如何利用其生成能力增强检索效果成为热点，例如通过指令微调或提示工程优化跨域性能。该基准的广泛采纳促进了检索系统在真实场景中的鲁棒性评估，对推动开放域智能问答和知识密集型应用的发展具有深远意义。