UV radiation penetration through sea ice & effects on embryo & larval development, survival & damage of the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri, Antarctic Starfish Odontaster validus & Odontaster meridionalis in Ross Sea

UV radiation transmission measurements on sea ice surface and through the annual sea ice into the underlying water column were made during Antarctic spring months (October - November) along with various in situ and lab experiments on embryo and larval development and survival and DNA damage of the sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri and Antarctic Starfish Odontaster validus and Odontaster meridionalis in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea.