Table 1 from Body shape diversification along the benthic–pelagic axis in marine fishes

Colonization of novel habitats can result in marked phenotypic responses to the new environment that include changes in body shape and opportunities for further morphological diversification. Fishes have repeatedly transitioned along the benthic–pelagic axis, with varying degrees of association with the substrate. Previous work focusing on individual lineages shows that these transitions are accompanied by highly predictable changes in body form. Here, we generalize expectations drawn from this literature to study the effects of habitat on body shape diversification across 3344 marine teleost fishes. We compare rates and patterns of evolution in eight linear measurements of body shape among fishes that live in pelagic, demersal and benthic habitats. While average body shape differs between habitats, these differences are subtle compared to the high diversity of shapes found within each habitat. Benthic living increases the rate of body shape evolution and has led to numerous lineages evolving extreme body shapes, including both exceptionally wide bodies and highly elongate, eel-like forms. By contrast, we find that benthic living is associated with the slowest diversification of structures associated with feeding. Though we find that habitat can serve as an impetus for predictable trait changes, we also highlight the diversity of responses in marine teleosts to opportunities presented by major habitats.

新栖息地的殖民化可能导致显著的现象学反应，这些反应对新环境包括体型变化和进一步形态多样性的可能性产生影响。鱼类在底栖-浮游轴上经历了反复的过渡，与底质的关联程度各不相同。先前针对个体谱系的研究表明，这些过渡伴随着高度可预测的体型变化。在此，我们将从文献中提炼出的预期进行泛化，以研究栖息地对3344种海洋硬骨鱼类体型多样性的影响。我们比较了生活在浮游、底栖和底栖生境中的鱼类在八个线性测量体型维度上的进化速率和模式。尽管不同生境的平均体型存在差异，但这些差异与每个生境内发现的形状多样性相比微不足道。底栖生活增加了体型进化的速率，并导致众多谱系进化出极端的体型，包括异常宽阔的身体和高度细长的、类似鳗鱼的外形。相比之下，我们发现底栖生活与与摄食相关的结构多样性的缓慢分化相关。尽管我们发现生境可以作为可预测性状变化的推动力，但我们也强调了海洋硬骨鱼类对主要生境提供的机会所呈现出的反应多样性。