Circular Economy–Renewable Integration Panel for 20 EU Member States, 2014–2023 (CE_Panel): harmonised Eurostat and World Bank indicators with analysis code

This dataset provides a balanced cross-national panel of 20 European Union member states observed annually from 2014 to 2023 (200 country-years), assembled to study the circular economy–renewable integration nexus and the moderating role of smart-technology adoption on resource-conservation outcomes. Countries included are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, and Sweden; the seven smallest member states are excluded because the socio-economic control series are not reported continuously for them across all ten years. All variables are drawn from two authoritative secondary sources and stored with their indicator codes and extraction dates. From Eurostat: the circular material use rate (cei_srm030), resource productivity (cei_pc030), the renewable share of gross final energy consumption (nrg_ind_ren), energy intensity of GDP in PPS (nrg_ind_ei), and raw material consumption per capita / material footprint (env_ac_rme). From the World Bank World Development Indicators: per-capita CO₂ emissions excluding LULUCF (EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5), internet users, R&D expenditure, GDP per capita, urban population, and industry value added. Every variable entering the analysis is complete for all 200 country-years; no analysis variable contains an imputed value. The deposit contains two files. CE_Panel_Revision2.xlsx holds the compiled panel plus a data dictionary and a sources/notes sheet. CE_Panel.ipynb is the analysis notebook, which reproduces every table in the associated article and Supplementary Material, including the panel estimators, wild cluster bootstrap, and diagnostic tests. The underlying series are publicly available and can be re-extracted from the cited indicator codes.