Contextualising EMI: A Q Methodology Study of Educator Agency in Indonesian Higher Education

This study examines how English Medium Instruction (EMI) is implemented in Indonesian higher education through its educators’ professional agency. Base on ecological perspective of agency, it explores how educators interpret and shape EMI within multilingual English-as-a-foreign-language contexts. A mixed-methods design using Q methodology and post-sorting interviews with educators from two Indonesian public universities identified three orientations to EMI practice: English-dominant, contextually adaptive, and resource-centred. The findings show that EMI is not implemented uniformly but is co-constructed through situated pedagogical decisions, including adaptation and translanguaging. The study contributes to Indonesian EMI scholarship by offering an agency-centred ecological account of EMI implementation.