Living Standards Survey 1999 - Tajikistan

Abstract
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The Tajik Living Standards Survey (TLSS) was conducted jointly by the State Statistical Agency and the Center for Strategic Studies under the Office of the President in collaboration with the sponsors, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank (WB). International technical assistance was provided by a team from the London School of Economics (LSE). The purpose of the survey is to provide quantitative data at the individual, household and community level that will facilitate purposeful policy design on issues of welfare and living standards of the population of the Republic of Tajikistan in 1999.

Geographic coverage
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National coverage.
The TLSS sample was designed to represent the population of the country as a whole as well as the strata. The sample was stratified by oblast and by urban and rural areas.

The country is divided into 4 oblasts, or regions; Leninabad in the northwest of the country, Khatlon in the southwest, Rayons of Republican Subordination (RRS) in the middle and to the west of the country, and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO) in the east. The capital, Dushanbe, in the RRS oblast, is a separately administrated area. Oblasts are divided into rayons (districts). Rayons are further subdivided into Mahallas (committees) in urban areas, and Jamoats (villages) in rural areas.

Analysis unit
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- Households
- Individuals
- Communites

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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The TLSS sample was designed to represent the population of the country as a whole as well as the strata. The sample was stratified by oblast and by urban and rural areas.

In common with standard LSMS practice a two-stage sample was used. In the first stage 125 primary sample units (PSU) were selected with the probability of selection within strata being proportional to size. At the second stage, 16 households were selected within each PSU, with each household in the area having the same probability of being chosen. [Note: In addition to the main sample, the TLSS also included a secondary sample of 15 extra PSU (containing 400 households) in Dangara and Varzob. Data in the oversampled areas were collected for the sole purpose of providing baseline data for the World Bank Health Project in these areas. The sampling for these additional units was carried out separately after the main sampling procedure in order to allow for their exclusion in nationally representative analysis.] The twostage procedure has the advantage that it provides a self-weighted sample. It also simplified the fieldwork operation as a one-field team could be assigned to cover a number of PSU.

A critical problem in the sample selection with Tajikistan was the absence of an up to date national sample frame from which to select the PSU. As a result lists of the towns, rayons and jamoats (villages) within rayons were prepared manually. Current data on population size according to village and town registers was then supplied to the regional offices of Goskomstat and conveyed to the center. This allowed the construction of a sample frame of enumeration units by sample size from which to draw the PSU.

This procedure worked well in establishing a sample frame for the rural population. However administrative units in some of the larger towns and in the cities of Dushanbe, Khojand and Kurgan-Tubbe were too large and had to be sub-divided into smaller enumeration units. Fortuitously the survey team was able to make use of information available as a result of the mapping exercise carried out earlier in the year as preparation for the 2000 Census in order to subdivide these larger areas into enumeration units of roughly similar size.

The survey team was also able to use the household listings prepared for the Census for the second stage of the sampling in urban areas. In rural areas the selection of households was made using the village registers – a complete listing of all households in the village which is (purported to be) regularly updated by the local administration. When selecting the target households a few extra households (4 in addition to the 16) were also randomly selected and were to be used if replacements were needed. In actuality non-response and refusals from households were very rare and use of replacement households was low. There was never the case that the refusal rate was so high that there were not enough households on the reserve list and this enabled a full sample of 2000 randomly selected households to be interviewed.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The questionnaire was based on the standard LSMS for the CIS countries, and adapted and abridged for Tajikistan. In particular the health section was extended to allow for more in depth information to be collected and a section on food security was also added. The employment section was reduced and excludes information on searching for employment.

The questionnaires were translated into Tajik, Russian and Uzbek.

The TLSS consists of three parts: a household questionnaire, a community level questionnaire and a price questionnaire.

Household questionnaire: the Household questionnaire is comprised of 10 sections covering both household and individual aspects.

Community/Population point Questionnaire: the Community level or Population Point Questionnaire consists of 8 sections. The community level questionnaire provides information on differences in demographic and economic infrastructure. Open-ended questions in the questionnaire were not coded and hence information on the responses to these qualitative questions is not provided in the data sets.

Summary of Section contents

The brief descriptions below provide a summary of the information found in each section. The descriptions are by no means exhaustive of the information covered by the survey and users of the survey need to refer to each particular section of the questionnaire for a complete picture of the information gathered.

Household information/roster
This includes individual level information of all individuals in the household. It establishes who belongs to the household at the time of the interview. Information on gender, age, relation to household head and marital status are included. In the question relating to family status, question 7, “Nekared” means married where nekar is the Islamic (arabic) term for marriage contract. Under Islamic law a man may marry more than once (up-to four wives at any one time). Although during the Soviet period it was illegal to be married to more than one woman this practice did go on. There may be households where the household head is not present but the wife is married or nekared, or in the same household a respondent may answer married and another nekared to the household head.

Dwelling
This section includes information covering the type of dwelling, availability of utilities and water supply as well as questions pertaining to dwelling expenses, rents, and the payment of utilities and other household expenses. Information is at the household level.

Education
This section includes all individuals aged 7 years and older and looks at educational attainment of individuals and reasons for not continuing education for those who are not currently studying. Questions related to educational expenditures at the household level are also covered. Schooling in Tajikistan is compulsory for grades (classes) 1-9. Primary level education refers to grades 1 - 4 for children aged 7 to 11 years old. General secondary level education refers to grades 5-9, corresponding to the age group 12-16 year olds. Post-compulsory schooling can be divided into three types of school:
- Upper secondary education covers the grades 10 and 11.
- Vocational and Technical schools can start after grade 9 and last around 4 years. These schools can also start after grade 11 and then last only two years. Technical institutions provide medical and technical (e.g. engineering) education as well as in the field of the arts while vocational schools
provide training for employment in specialized occupation.
- Tertiary or University education can be entered after completing all 11 grades.
- Kindergarten schools offer pre-compulsory education for children aged 3 – 6 years old and information on this type of schooling is not covered in this section.

Health
This section examines individual health status and the nature of any illness over the recent months. Additional questions relate to more detailed information on the use of health care services and hospitals, including expenses incurred due to ill health. Section 4B includes a few terms, abbreviations and acronyms that need further clarification. A feldscher is an assistant to a physician. Mediniski dom or FAPs are clinics staffed by physical assistants and/or midwifes and a SUB is a local clinic. CRH is a local hospital while an oblast hospital is a regional hospital based in the oblast administrative centre, and the Repub. Hospital is a national hospital based in the capital, Dushanbe. The latter two are both public hospitals.

Employment
This section covers individuals aged 11 years and over. The first part of this section looks at the different activities in which individuals are involved in order to determine if a person is engaged in an income generating activity. Those who are engaged in such activities are required to answer questions in Part B. This part relates to the nature of the work and the organization the individual is attached to as well as questions relating to income, cash income and in-kind payments. There are also a few questions relating to additional income generating activities in addition to the main activity. Part C examines employment history in the previous two years.

Migration
This section covers all individuals aged 15 years and older and determines how long respondents have resided in their present location. Part B relates to households who were displaced, detailing how many in the family were affected and for what reason. Part C relates to the property left by those who are displaced.

Sources of Income of the Household
This section covers specified sources of income over the previous month from all members in the household. Part A includes wage income, movable property and alimony, while part B includes information on income from social protection payments, such as employment pensions and family allowances. Part B also includes a summary question on total income from all sources for all household members.

Consumption and Expenditures
This section gathers information on household expenditure and in particular consumption. Part A focuses on a summary of 24 categories of household expenditures undertaken over the last month and the last year. Part B covers information on 33 specified food items, including expenditure on the item as well as the value of growing and consuming the goods. Part C provides information on issues of food security and coping strategies and includes questions on subjective perceptions of welfare.

List of Durables
This section includes ownership of 16 durable items, including motorcycles and cars.

Agriculture
This section provides information across a variety of agricultural aspects. Part A focuses on land use and ownership across different specified land types, including how much was earned across land types. Part B includes questions on costs of inputs and outputs of land and livestock. Part C covers income and expenditure across 17 specified agricultural related property including different livestock and different equipment.

Female Questionnaire
This section of the questionnaire looks at particular aspects of the health of married women, in particular fertility issues. Another part of this section focuses on information on each child born to the respondent.

Population Point /Community
This section provides information on the nature of the different population points. Part 1 covers demographic information such as population of the community and the ethnic make-up. The part focusing on infrastructure includes questions on the availability of different utilities, distance from the capital and the quality of the roads. A part on the nature of the economy of the population point includes information on the economic activity in the area, the existence of state enterprises and to what extent economic conditions have changed over the last year. Another part focuses on information on refugees or displaced persons in the population point. There is a section on education relating to the school attendance of boy and girls and to the quality of the schools in the area. Information on the availability of health facilities and medication, as well as the quality of these services is also included. A section on agriculture focuses on the nature of the agricultural activities in the community, including questions on irrigation and the use of specific inputs. There is also a question on the average wage of specified agricultural labour. The final part provides information on the availability and accessibility of 45 different institutions and services, for example, dentists, kindergartens, state employment services, theatres and bus stations.

摘要
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塔吉克斯坦生活标准调查（TLSS）由国家统计局和总统办公室下的战略研究中心联合进行，并与赞助商联合国开发计划署（UNDP）和世界银行（WB）合作。伦敦政治经济学院（LSE）的技术团队提供了国际技术援助。调查的目的是提供个体、家庭和社区层面的定量数据，以便为1999年塔吉克斯坦共和国人口的社会福利和生活水平问题制定有针对性的政策。
地理覆盖范围
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全国范围。
TLSS样本设计旨在代表整个国家的人口以及各层次的人口。样本按地区和城乡地区进行分层。
该国分为4个地区，即列宁纳巴德位于国家西北部，哈特隆位于西南部，共和国内属区（RRS）位于中部和西部，以及东部的戈尔诺-巴达赫尚自治州（GBAO）。首府杜尚别位于RRS地区，是一个独立管理区域。地区分为区（县）。区进一步分为城市地区的马哈拉（委员会）和农村地区的贾莫特（村庄）。
分析单位
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- 家庭
- 个人
- 社区
数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]
抽样程序
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TLSS样本设计旨在代表整个国家的人口以及各层次的人口。样本按地区和城乡地区进行分层。
与标准LSMS实践一样，使用了两阶段样本。在第一阶段，选定了125个一级样本单位（PSU），每个层内的选择概率与规模成比例。在第二阶段，在每个PSU内选择了16户家庭，每个区域的家庭都有相同的机会被选中。[注：除了主要样本外，TLSS还包含了一个额外的样本，包括15个额外的PSU（包含400户家庭）在Dangara和Varzob。在超抽样地区收集的数据仅用于为这些地区的世界银行卫生项目提供基线数据。这些额外单位的选择是在主要抽样程序之后单独进行的，以便在国家级代表性分析中排除它们。两阶段程序的优点是它提供了一个自加权样本。它还简化了实地工作操作，因为一个现场团队可以分配给多个PSU。
在塔吉克斯坦的样本选择中存在一个关键问题，即缺乏最新的国家样本框，无法从中选择PSU。因此，手动编制了城镇、区和贾莫特（村庄）的名单。然后，根据村庄和城镇登记的人口规模向Goskomstat的区域办事处提供当前数据，并传达至中心。这使得可以从按样本大小构建的计数单位样本框中抽取PSU。
该程序在为农村人口建立样本框方面效果良好。然而，在较大城镇和杜尚别、霍贾нд、库尔干-图贝等城市的行政单位中，由于规模过大，不得不将其划分为更小的计数单位。幸运的是，调查团队能够利用年初为2000年人口普查做准备而进行的地形测量工作所获得的信息，将这些较大的区域划分为大致相似规模的计数单位。
调查团队还能够在城市地区的抽样第二阶段使用为普查准备的户名录。在农村地区，家庭的选择是使用村庄登记册进行的——这是村庄中所有家庭的完整清单，由当地政府（据称）定期更新。在选定目标家庭时，还随机选择了额外的几个家庭（16户家庭外再增加4户），如果需要替换，则使用这些家庭。实际上，非响应和拒绝的家庭非常罕见，替换家庭的利用率很低。从未出现过拒绝率如此之高，以至于储备名单中没有足够的家庭，这使得能够对2000户随机选定的家庭进行访谈。
数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]
研究工具
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问卷基于适用于独联体国家的标准LSMS，并根据塔吉克斯坦的情况进行了调整和缩减。特别是，健康部分被扩展，以便收集更深入的信息，并增加了一个关于粮食安全的部分。就业部分被缩减，并排除了有关寻找就业的信息。问卷被翻译成了塔吉克语、俄语和乌兹别克语。
TLSS由三部分组成：家庭问卷、社区水平问卷和价格问卷。
家庭问卷：家庭问卷包括10个部分，涵盖了家庭和个人方面的内容。
社区/人口点问卷：社区水平或人口点问卷包括8个部分。社区水平问卷提供了有关人口和基础设施差异的信息。问卷中的开放式问题未编码，因此有关这些定性问题的回答信息未在数据集中提供。
各部分内容摘要
以下简短描述总结了每个部分中找到的信息。描述远非详尽无遗，用户在使用调查时需要参考问卷的每个特定部分，以获得收集到的信息的完整图景。
家庭信息/名册
这包括家庭中所有个人的个人级别信息。它确定了在访谈时谁属于该家庭。信息包括性别、年龄、与户主的关系和婚姻状况。在关于家庭状况的问题中，问题7“Nekared”意味着已婚，nekar是伊斯兰（阿拉伯语）婚姻合同的术语。根据伊斯兰法，一个男人可以多次结婚（一次最多四名妻子）。虽然苏联时期与多名女性结婚是非法的，但这种做法确实存在。可能存在户主不在场，而妻子已婚或nekared的情况，或者在同一家庭中，受访者可能回答已婚，而户主nekared。
住宅
本节包括有关住宅类型、公用事业和供水可用性以及与住宅费用、租金和支付公用事业和其他家庭费用相关的问题。信息在家庭层面上。
教育
本节包括7岁及以上所有个人的信息，并考察了个人的教育成就以及那些目前未学习的人未继续教育的原因。还涵盖了家庭层面的教育支出问题。
塔吉克斯坦的义务教育涵盖1-9年级。初级教育指的是7至11岁儿童的1-4年级。中等普通教育指的是5-9年级，对应于12-16岁年龄组。义务教育后的学校教育可以分为三种类型：
- 高级中学教育涵盖10年级和11年级。
- 职业和技术学校可以在9年级之后开始，为期约4年。这些学校也可以在11年级之后开始，然后仅持续两年。技术机构提供医学和技术（例如工程）教育，同时职业学校为专业职业提供培训。
- 大学或高等教育可以在完成所有11年级后入学。
- 幼儿园提供3至6岁儿童的义务教育前教育，本节不涵盖此类学校教育信息。
健康
本节考察个人的健康状况和近几个月内任何疾病的情况。此外，还有一些与更详细地了解使用医疗保健服务和医院以及由于疾病而产生的费用相关的问题。第4B节包含一些需要进一步解释的术语、缩写和首字母缩写词。Feldscher是医生助手。Mediniski dom或FAPs是由物理助手和/或助产士组成的诊所。SUB是当地诊所。CRH是当地医院，而oblast医院是位于地区行政中心的地区医院，Repub.医院是位于首都杜尚别的国家级医院，后者两者都是公立医院。
就业
本节涵盖了11岁及以上个人的信息。本节的第一部分考察了个人参与的不同活动，以确定一个人是否从事收入生成活动。从事此类活动的人需要在B部分回答问题。这一部分涉及工作的性质和该个人所属的组织，以及与收入、现金收入和实物支付相关的问题。还有一些与除主要活动之外的其他收入生成活动相关的问题。C部分考察了前两年的就业历史。
迁移
本节涵盖了所有15岁及以上个人，并确定了受访者居住在当前地点的时间。B部分涉及被流离失所的家庭，详细说明了家庭成员中有多少人受到影响以及原因。C部分涉及被流离失所者留下的财产。
家庭收入来源
本节涵盖了上个月家庭所有成员的指定收入来源。A部分包括工资收入、动产和赡养费，而B部分包括有关社会福利支付（如就业养老金和家庭津贴）的信息。B部分还包括一个关于所有家庭成员来源的总收入汇总问题。
消费和支出
本节收集有关家庭支出和特别是消费的信息。A部分重点总结了上个月和去年进行的24类家庭支出的概述。B部分涵盖了33种指定食品项目的信息，包括该项目的支出以及种植和消费这些商品的价值。C部分提供了有关粮食安全和应对策略的信息，包括有关福利的主观感知问题。
耐用消费品清单
本节包括16种耐用消费品的所有权，包括摩托车和汽车。
农业
本节提供了关于各种农业方面的信息。A部分重点关注不同指定土地类型的土地利用和所有权，包括在土地类型上所赚取的金额。B部分包括有关土地和牲畜投入和产出的成本问题。C部分涵盖了17种指定与农业相关的财产的收入和支出，包括不同的牲畜和设备。
女性问卷
问卷的这一部分考察已婚女性的特定健康状况，特别是生育问题。本部分的另一部分侧重于有关受访者每个孩子的信息。
人口点/社区
本节提供了有关不同人口点性质的信息。第1部分涵盖了人口信息，如社区人口和种族构成。侧重于基础设施的部分包括有关不同公用事业的可利用性、与首都的距离以及道路质量的问题。关于人口点经济性质的部分包括该地区的经济活动、国有企业是否存在以及过去一年经济条件变化程度的信息。另一部分侧重于有关人口点中难民或被流离失所者的信息。关于教育的一部分涉及男女生入学率和该地区学校质量。关于医疗保健设施和药品的可利用性和质量的信息也包括在内。关于农业的一部分侧重于社区中农业活动的性质，包括有关灌溉和特定投入的使用问题。还有一个关于指定农业劳动的平均工资的问题。最后一部分提供了有关45种不同机构和服务的可利用性和可及性的信息，例如牙医、幼儿园、国家就业服务、剧院和汽车站。