Helicobacter pylori Alters Exogenous Antigen Absorption and Processing in a Digestive Tract Epithelial Cell Line Model

To study the influence of Helicobacter pylori on epithelial barrier function, bacteria, bacterial sonicates, or broth culture supernatants were incubated for 24 h with HT29-19A intestinal cells grown as monolayers. Subsequently, the monolayers were mounted in Ussing chambers, and electrical resistance (R), fluxes of (22)Na (JNa) and (14)C-mannitol (JMan) (markers of the paracellular pathway), and fluxes of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in total (J(3)H-HRP), intact (JHRPi), and degraded forms were measured. H. pylori did not induce any modification of the paracellular pathway (R = 148 ± 10 versus 174 ± 16 Ω · cm(2); JNa = 4.16 ± 0.44 versus 3.51 ± 0.41 μEq/h · cm(2); JMan = 0.081 ± 0.01 versus 0.058 ± 0.009 μmol/h · cm(2)), nor did it modify J(3)H-HRP (2,201 ± 255 versus 2,110 ± 210 ng/h · cm(2) for H. pylori-infected and control cells, respectively). However, in the presence of H. pylori, we observed a significant increase in JHRPi (520 ± 146 versus 171 ± 88 ng/h · cm(2)). This effect was not dependent of the cag status of the strain and was not reproduced by the sonicates or the culture supernatants. It was related to the presence of urease, since a urease-negative mutant of H. pylori did not induce this effect. Ammonia and bafilomycin A(1), two agents known to increase the endolysosomal pH, reproduced the increase in JHRPi. In conclusion, H. pylori does not affect directly the integrity of intercellular junctions of epithelial cells in vitro, but it increases the passage of intact HRP, probably by inhibition of the intralysosomal degradation due to the release of ammonia. The increased transport of intact macromolecules may contribute to the induction and maintenance of gastric inflammation by H. pylori.