Cellular Decoding of Simultaneous Cranial Mesenchyme and Osseous Architecture Reconstruction by Scaffolds

In this study, RNA sequencing was employed to investigate the differences in gene expression levels and patterns of cells recruited into suture-bony combined calvarial injury following the implatation of distinct types of commonly used calvarial scaffolds including gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel (GelMA), porous chitosan scaffold (CTS), and polylactic acid eletrospinning membrane (PLA). Overall design: Nascent tissue from the suture-bony composite defects, where GelMA (3 samples), CTS (3 samples), PLA (2 samples), or no scaffold (NC, 3 samples) was implanted, were harvested 6 weeks after surgery. Flow cytometry was used to isolate Cd45- cells from digested tissue for RNA-seq.