Expanded phylogeny of Nomadinae (Hymenoptera: Apidae) with integration of UCE and DNA barcode sequence data

The subfamily Nomadinae within the family Apidae is the oldest and most
diverse clade of brood parasitic bees. Through the incorporation of data
from a variety of sources, we generated the most detailed and
taxonomically complete phylogeny of this group to date. Despite differing
amounts of genetic data available for different species, the topology of
the tree broadly agrees with expected relationships based on previous
findings, and all major groups were recovered as monophyletic. We further
carried out divergence time estimation to investigate the evolutionary
history of Nomadinae and place the phylogeny along the geological time
scale, recovering an estimated age of 99 Ma for the group. Testing for the
effect of barcode-only taxa on estimated dates indicated that ages for
deep nodes were robust, though the inclusion of such taxa with limited
sequence data tended to push shallower nodes towards older dates. The
successful integration of cytochrome oxidase DNA barcode sequences with
modern phylogenomic (ultraconserved element) sequence data is an
encouraging indication that the wealth of previously published data
available through sequence repositories retains the capacity to be
informative to future phylogenetic studies, if used appropriately.