VLF data - CASLEO station

Very low frequency (VLF) signals obtained from the South America VLF NET work (SAVNET) (Raulin et al., 2009, 2010). The two propagation paths of VLF signals used in Valio et al (2025, Figure 1): NDK-CAS and NAA-CAS. The NDK transmitter (25.2 kHz) is located in La Moure, North Dakota (46.37◦ N, −98.34◦ W), and the NAA transmitter (24 kHz) is in Cutler, Maine (44.64◦ N, −67.28◦ W). The CAS receiver, located at CASLEO Observatory in Argentina (-31.80◦ S, −69.29◦ W), receives these signals. The dashed lines in Figure 1 illustrate the north-south-oriented propagation paths, with distances of 9168.42 km (NDK-CAS) and 8502.76 km (NAA-CAS). Raulin, J.-P., Bertoni, F. C. P., GavilÅLan, H. R., Guevara-Day, W., Rodriguez, R., Fernandez, G., . . . Hadano, R. (2010). Solar flare detection sensitivity using the South America VLF Network (SAVNET). J. Geophys. Res.(Space Physics), 115 (A7), A07301. doi: 10.1029/2009JA015154 Raulin, J.-P., Correia de Matos David, P., Hadano, R., Saraiva, A. C. V., Correia, E., & Kaufmann, P. (2009). The South America VLF NET work (SAVNET). Earth Moon and Planets, 104 (1-4), 247-261. doi: 10.1007/s11038-008-9269-4 Valio, A., Lopez, K. F., Gamonal Valenzuela, J. L., Romero Ramirez, R. M., da Silva, D. F. (2025) Space weather impact of three solar flares observed by the POEMAS telescope at 45 and 90 GHz. JGR: Space Physics