Linear mixed-effects model results of seedling height growth as a function of site, year and seedling height at the start of the growing season for six northern hardwood species.

Per species, only models within two AICc (Akaike’s Information Criterion) units from the best model are included. The deviation from the best model in AICc units (ΔAICc) is indicated. n indicates the number of included seedlings per species. The marginal (m) R2 (fixed effects only), and the conditional (c) R2 (both fixed and random effects) are indicated. acru = Acer rubrum; acsa = Acer saccharum; fagr = Fagus grandifolia; fram = Fraxinus americana; osvi = Ostrya virginiana; prse = Prunus serotina.