Supplementary information files for Highly active and magnetically recoverable heterogeneous catalyst for hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass into high quality bio-oil

Supplementary files for article Highly active and magnetically recoverable heterogeneous catalyst for hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass into high quality bio-oil 
This article reports a safe, low-cost, and industrially applicable magnetite supported on activated carbon catalyst that can be magnetically retrieved from the solid and reused multiple times without the need of a regeneration step. The FeOx/C catalyst improved the bio-oil yield by 19.7 ± 0.96 % when compared to the uncatalysed reaction at 320 °C for the HTL of draff (brewer’s spent grains). The use of homogeneous Na2CO3 base as a catalyst and co-catalyst, improved carbon extraction into the aqueous phase. The exceptional catalytic activity can be attributed to the Fe3O4 phase which can produce in-situ H2 that improves the biomass decomposition and oil property with an energy recovery of ∼84 %. The FeOx/C catalyst was separated using magnetic retrieval and maintained its catalytic activity even up to 5 reaction cycles showing potential as a cheap catalyst for HTL reactions and can be scaled-up for industrial applications.

本文报道了一种安全、低成本且适用于工业应用的高活性、磁可回收的生物质水解液化成高品质生物油用多相催化剂——活性炭负载磁铁矿。该催化剂能够在固体中磁性地回收并多次重复使用，无需再生步骤。与320°C下未催化的糠醛（酿酒废谷物）水解液化反应相比，FeOx/C催化剂提高了19.7±0.96%的生物油产率。采用均相Na2CO3基作为催化剂和助催化剂的使用，提高了碳向水相的提取。卓越的催化活性归因于Fe3O4相，该相能够原位产生H2，从而提高生物质分解和油品性质，实现约84%的能量回收。FeOx/C催化剂通过磁分离技术进行分离，即使在5个反应周期后仍保持其催化活性，显示出作为HTL反应低成本催化剂的潜力，并可扩大规模应用于工业领域。