Data collected from various scales of measurements of soil, hydraulic, vegetative, and meteorological variables in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia.

The dataset comprises long-term observations of soil temperature and moisture at various scales within the Xilin River Basin, along with soil data from sampling points. The data is collected at five sites within the Inner Mongolia grassland: with long-term grazing exclusion since 1979 (UG79), short-term grazing exclusion since 1999 (UG99), continuous grazing (CG), heavy year-round grazing (HG), and moderate winter grazing (WG).Data collection includes: i) At the Pedon scale, the field in situ monitoring of soil temperature and moisture was conducted from 2004 to 2008 (UG79, UG99, CG, HG, and WG sites) and from 2016 to 2020 (UG99, UG79, and CG plots). ii) At the field scale, during the growing seasons from 2004 to 2008, a regular sampling grid (105 meters × 135 meters, sampling interval 15 meters, secondary grid interval 5 meters, totaling 100 points) was established using differential GPS and UTM systems (horizontal resolution 2 meters, vertical resolution 0.1 meters). Soil water content (SWC), hydraulic conductivity (K), water drop penetration time (WDPT), shear strength (SS), soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration, bulk density (BD), and soil texture data were collected in areas with five different grazing intensities.iii) At the watershed scale, a stratified two-stage sampling scheme was designed, using land use and topography as stratification variables, and selecting 30 sampling points. A 12-day soil survey was conducted starting from July 1, 2007. This comprehensive dataset provides valuable insights into soil, vegetation, and meteorological aspects, revealing the impact of grazing on the Mongolian grasslands.