Long-term monitoring of the distribution and relative abundance of the Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Doñana 2005-2023

[Description of methods used for collection/generation of data]: This dataset includes records of the monitoring of the distribution and relative abundance of the Mediterranean Spur-Thighed Tortoise (Testudo graeca) in Doñana since 2005 as part of the monitoring program of natural resources and processes in Doñana. One of the aims of this project was to obtain a temporal and continuous series of data of the distribution and abundance of this species to detect changes and trends in the population within the protected area. The study area is Doñana National Park, south-west of Spain, which is one of the two areas of distribution of this species in the south of Spain. The tortoise population of Doñana has been monitored since 1973 for other research studies (Andreu, A.C., 2000; Díaz-Paniagua, C. et al., 2001). Individuals are usually present along the border of temporal marshes and between dunes with vegetation composed by mediterranean scrub, scattered oaks and pine trees of medium and low cover. The method used to monitor long-term changes throughout time is the transect survey looking for tortoise tracks, which can be easily detected in the sandy substrates up to 3 days if there are good weather conditions (moderate temperatures, absence of rains or strong wind). The transects (n=10) are distributed within the whole study area (see decimal coordinates of the starting and end of the survey in the dataset as “verbatimCoordinate”) and runs along linear sand trails (n=8) across mediterranean vegetation and throughout circular dunes transects (n=2). Transects have different length ranged between 2-10 kms. The length of the transect is established since the beginning of the study, however it may be variable when a section of the trails is inaccessible because of flooding or when it overlaps with the breeding area of a protected bird species. In these cases, alternative sections of the trail are established to complete the survey. In total, approximately 60 kms are sampled in Doñana Natural Area. Surveys are designed to be performed every two years, however we include data for every year only for dunes transects since these transects overlap with those corresponding to annual surveys of lizards and geckos in dunes, which are included in the same monitoring program of natural resources and processes in Doñana. The transects are conducted by members of the monitoring team usually three times by year in spring or two times in spring (March-May) and once in autumn (October), when the active period of the species is optimal. The census is performed from the front part of the car, at 5-8 km/h, which permits a correct identification of the tortoise tracks. However, the transects in dunes are always performed on foot, as there are not car trails. In most censuses performed in 2021 the car was not available and were conducted on foot. The minimum length interval between census is 7 days. At least two days of good weather conditions are needed to perform the surveys (days without rain, strong wind and without night frost) to ensure the activity of the tortoises. Data recorded during the surveys include the number of individual tortoise tracks observed, life stage when a correct identification is possible (adult or juvenile), sex (recorded when the individual is observed during the survey too), as well as length transect, time and georeferenced data of the observation. Other information as weather description: sky conditions, temperature, precipitation and wind conditions. Wind speed is registered according to Beafourt scale where 0: 0-1 km/h, 1: 1-5 km/h, 2: 6-11 km/h, 3: 12-19 km/h, 4: 20-28 km/h, 5: 29 a 38 km/h. Between 2005-2007 data were registered in paper and transfer directly in an Excel file. During this period only the number of the tortoise tracks were recorded but not geographic coordinates information of each track could be taken. Since 2008 data are recorded with the app CyberTracker (see protocol) which allows that all geographic coordinates of the tortoise tracks are recorded. The protocol used has been supervised by herpetological researchers and the data have been validated by the coordinators who have also performed the transects.