Human cells analyzed in this study.

Gene chip analysis was performed using RNAs from the cells obtained from each tissue. The cells obtained from bone marrow, liver, synovium, joint fluid, muscle, bone, and fat were cultivated as previously described [31]–[33]. Amniotic epithelial cells and umbilical cord-derived cells were cultured after each tissue was manually separated from the placenta and minced by surgical knife and scissors. Auricular cartilage-derived cells, periostium-derived cells, dermal fibroblasts, and cortical bone-derived cells started to be cultured after each tissue was manually separated from surgical specimens from patients with polydactyly or microtia. Keratocytes and scleral cells were obtained from corneal stroma and sclera (also see the Materials and Methods section). “Endometrium” was obtained from the homogenized endometrial cells under liquid nitrogen. All cells were harvested under signed informed consent, with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Child and Health Development, Tokyo. Signed informed consent was obtained from donors and the surgical specimens were irreversibly de-identified. All experiments handling human cells and tissues were performed in line with the Tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Global gene expression profiles of those cells are uploaded to GEO accession #GSE10934 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/index.cgi.
P: passage. P0 and P1 represents primary cell culture and cell culture one passage after starting primary culture from tissues, respectively.