Exploratory Multi-Omics Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites in Relation to Serum S-Equol Levels in Older Adults with Osteoporosis from a Tropical Community: A Pilot Study

This study aimed to investigate fecal metabolomic profiles associated with osteoporosis and serum S-equol levels in community-dwelling older adults from a tropical region of China. Fecal samples were collected from participants classified as osteoporosis or non-osteoporosis based on bone mineral density measurements. Untargeted metabolomics analysis was performed to characterize metabolic differences between groups and to explore associations between fecal metabolites and circulating S-equol levels. The generated metabolomic data were further integrated with gut microbiota profiling and clinical parameters to provide an exploratory assessment of microbial–metabolic features related to bone health.