Overview of cardiomyocyte force measurements.

Time control denotes results obtained from cardiomyocytes kept in exchange buffer without cTn complex added. Symbols used: # denotes P<0.05, cTn (DD+PKCα) compared to time control or cTn (DD) and † denotes P<0.05, cTn (DD) compared to time control in ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test. Measurements in cTn exchanged cells were repeated after treatment with PKCα. In this case * denotes P<0.05, before vs. after incubation with PKCα in paired t-test. Abbreviations: Fmax, maximal force per cross-sectional area at saturating calcium concen-tration (pCa4.5) in kN/m2; Fpas, passive force per cross-sectional area in relaxing solution (pCa 9) in kN/m2; nH, steepness of the force-pCa curves; Ktr-max, the rate of force redevelopment at maximal activating solution (pCa 4.5) in s−1.