Progress on the mechanism of regulating bulb development in plant

Bulbs, as common underground modified organs, hold significant value in food, medicine, ornamental use, and propagation. Their formation and developmental mechanisms have long been a focal point in plant biology research. With advances in molecular biology, physiology, and cultivation techniques, research on bulb formation and development has achieved significant progress. Bulb growth and development are regulated by the synergistic interaction of intrinsic factors and exogenous stimuli. This paper systematically compares the morphological structures and developmental patterns of storage organs among bulbs, tubers, corms, and rhizomes. It reviews the effects of environmental factors, carbohydrates and plant hormones on their growth and development, along with the associated molecular regulatory mechanisms. This review aims to provide theoretical insights for elucidating the mechanisms underlying bulb development and organ formation.