l‑Glutamate Seed Priming Enhances 2‑Acetyl-1-pyrroline Formation in Fragrant Rice Seedlings in Response to Arsenite Stress

2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline
(2-AP) is a fragrance compound and flavor
in fragrant rice whose precursors are generally glutamate (Glu) and
proline (Pro). Our previous study revealed that exogenous Glu enhanced
the arsenic (As) tolerance in fragrant rice by improving the ascorbic
acid–glutathione cycle and the Pro content in roots. However,
less is known about how Glu is involved in 2-AP biosynthesis in fragrant
rice under As stress. Herein, a hydroponic experiment of L-Glu seed
priming with 0, 100, and 500 μM l-glutamic acid solutions
was conducted with two fragrant rice varieties. After that, the 10-day-old
seedlings were cultured under 0 and 100 μM arsenite stress for
10 d. Results showed that the 2-AP and Pro contents were increased
by 18–30% and 21–78% under As100 μM-Glu100 μM
treatment in comparison to the control As100 μM to Glu0 μM,
while the activities of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS)
and proline dehydrogenase (ProDH) were increased by 19–46%
and 3–19%, respectively. Furthermore, the 2-AP, Pro contents,
and P5CS activity were correlated positively. Correspondingly, a significant
abundance of differential expressed metabolites (18) and differential
expressed genes (26) was observed in amino acid metabolism and glutathione
metabolism pathways. In addition, several essential genes were verified
and grouped into the pathways of glutathione metabolism, proline,
and arginine metabolism with antioxidant defense system to comodulate
2-AP biosynthesis and stress detoxification. Therefore, the Glu seed
priming treatment had a positive impact on the 2-AP biosynthesis of
fragrant rice under 100 μM arsenite toxicity.