Carduus nutans and C. acanthoides fall emergence and growth response to microsite characteristics.

*indicates significance of p≤0.05.**indicates significance of p≤0.01.***indicates significance of p≤0.001.Model results for fall measurements are shown in Table 1. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were fit, using likelihood ratio tests to determine whether model fit was improved by including interactions. Where higher order interactions were present (such as analyses of germination for C. nutans), Larger microsite area generally led to increased germination, survival and size. Rosette size was higher in clipped plots for C. acanthoides versus fully disturbed plots for C. nutans. Watering either had no effect or a negative effect;