List of human primers in this study.

The impact of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) was explored in a mouse model with non-diarrheal gut permeability defect using 1.5% dextran sulfate solution (DSS) plus antibiotics (ATB) with or without orally administered PA. As such, ATB+DSS+PA mice induced more severe intestinal injury as indicated by stool consistency and leaky gut (FITC-dextran assay, bacteremia, and endotoxemia) with an increase in serum cytokines, liver enzyme, and hepatocyte apoptosis when compared with ATB+DSS mice. There was no abnormality by these parameters in the non-DSS group, including water alone (control), antibiotics alone (ATB+water), and antibiotics with PA (ATB+water+PA). Despite a similarly fecal microbiome patterns between ATB+DSS and ATB+DSS+PA groups, a higher abundance of Pseudomonas, Enterococci, and Escherichia-Shigella was detected in ATB+DSS+PA mice. Additionally, the additive pro-inflammation between pathogen molecules, using heat-killed P. aeruginosa preparations, and LPS against enterocytes (Caco2) and hepatocytes (HegG2), as indicated by supernatant IL-8 and expression of several genes (IL-8, NF-kB, and NOS2) are demonstrated. In conclusion, presence of P. aeruginosa in the gut exacerbated DSS-induced intestinal injury with spontaneous translocation of LPS and bacteria from the gut into the blood circulation (leaky gut) that induced more severe systemic inflammation. The presence of pathogenic bacteria, especially PA in stool of the healthy individuals might have some adverse effect. More studies are in needed.