Data for "Ecosystem recovery windows are shrinking under intensifying drought constraints across China"

Monthly climate data from 1982 to 2022, including soil moisture (SM, 0–28 cm), soil temperature (ST, 0–28 cm), precipitation (PRE), surface solar radiation downwards (SSRD), wind speed (WIND), 2m air temperature (T2M), and 2m dew point temperature (D2M), were obtained from the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis dataset, ERA5-Land (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-land?tab=overview).

Vegetation dynamics were characterized using the third-generation Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies-3rd Generation V1.2 (GIMMS-3G+), covering the period from 1982 to 2022 (https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/data/catalog/ornl-cloud-global-veg-greenness-gimms-3g-2187-1).

Meteorological drought conditions were quantified using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index at a 1-month timescale (SPEI1), obtained from the SPEIbase dataset (https://spei.csic.es/database.html) at a spatial resolution of 0.5°.

Land use information was derived from the MODIS Collection 6 annual land cover product (MCD12C1) at a spatial resolution of 0.05° (https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/products/MCD12C1).