Quality assessment (GRADE evidence profile).

Abbreviations: ACT, Asthma Control Test; ATAQ, Asthma Therapy Assessment Questionnaire; ACQ, Asthma Control Questionnaire; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; PEF, peak expiratory flow rate.
aUnclear allocation concealment, blinding of participants and outcome assessors, accounting of patients and outcome events, and other risk of bias (carryover effects in crossover trial).
bUnclear allocation concealment, blinding of participants and outcome assessors, accounting of patients and outcome events.
cDifferences in interventions and outcomes measured across studies.
dNon-significant effect across studies not included in the meta-analysis.
eWeighted difference in mean (WMD) change between intervention and control group.
fRisk ratio (RR): risk of experiencing asthma exacerbation in the intervention group as compared to the control group.
gNot included in the meta-analysis; favours intervention group.
hSignificant statistical heterogeneity observed based on random effects meta-analysis.
iWeighted mean difference (WMD) at end of intervention between intervention and control group.
Quality assessment (GRADE evidence profile).