data from: Global phenology maps reveal the drivers and effects of seasonal asynchrony

Terasaki Hart et al. 2025, "Global phenology ..."
This archive contains all data and results generated by this study, as well as some input data derived from publicly accessible resources. All contents are covered by the CC-BY-NC-SA license (in short: please use, but with attribution, without commercial gain, and only if you share too).

Contents
NOTE: see Filename abbreviation glossary at bottom to decipher shorthand in filenames.

./rasters/:

./main/: main rasters resulting from harmonic regressions and asynchrony calculations, including:

*_coeffs.tif: harmonic regression coefficients (5 coefficient bands: intercept, sine and cosine of annual cyclical time in radians, then sine and cosine of semiannual cyclical time in radians) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
*_harm_reg_R2.tif: harmonic regression R^2s (1 band) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
*_asynch_*km.tif: asynchrony results (including maps in Fig. 2A and Extended Data Fig. 7B) for all three neighborhood radii (50, 100, and 150 km) (each raster has 4 bands: asynchrony value, then R^2 value, P-value, and n of the OLS regression from which the asynchrony value (i.e., slope) was derived) (NOTE: the *_STRICT* qualifier in *NIRv_STRICT* and *SIF_STRICT* indicates the additional land cover filtering that masked all agricultural land before calculating LSP asynchrony) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)

  ./masks/: data for all 5 masking maps presented in Extended Data Fig. 1B (lcMask_DEFAULT.tif includes only the red masked areas in the land cover map in the figure, whereas lcMask_STRICT.tif includes also the black masked (agricultural) areas) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
./drivers/: rasters specific to the LSP asynchrony drivers analysis, including:

hansen_lulcc_pct_neigh_mean.tif: neighborhood (100 km radius) mean of land use and cover change, derived from GLAD Lab Hansen et al. 2019 global harmonized land use and land cover change (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
MODIS_fire_freq_mean.tif: neigborhood mean (100 km radius) burn frequency, derived from MODIS Burned Area (MCD64A1.061) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
MODIS_IGBP_veg_entropy.tif: neighborhood (100 km radius) entropy of vegetation structure, derived from MODIS annual land cover(MCD12C1.061) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
err_map_*COORDS_*_*km.tif: mapped prediction errors from all LSP asynchrony drivers models ('yCOORDS' or 'nCOORDS' = whether geographic coordinates were included or excluded as covariates; 'NIRv' of 'SIF' = whether NIRv- or SIF-based LSP asynchrony was modeled; '50km','100km', or '150km' = whether a 50, 100, or 150 km neighborhood radius was used) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
SHAP_map_*COORDS_*_*_*km.tif: maps of SHAP values for all 11 covariates (if 'yCOORDS', in which case longitude ('x') and latitude ('y') are included as covariates) or 9 covariates (if 'nCOORDS') for all LSP asynchrony drivers models ('NIRv' of 'SIF' = NIRv- or SIF-based LSP asynchrony; '50km','100km', or '150km' = 50, 100, 150 km neighborhood radius used) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
SHAP_predom_top.tif: map of normalized-difference of SHAP values of the top two LSP asynchrony drivers from the main (NIRv-based, 100 km neighborhood, with geographic coordinates included) drivers model (asynchrony of minimum temperature and precipitation seasonality) (plotted in Fig. 2B) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)
SHAP_predom_all.tif: map of the index of the predominant driver of LSP asynchrony at each pixel, according to SHAP values for the main (NIRv-based, 100 km neighborhood, with geographic coordinates included) model (0: ppt.asy, 1: tmp.min.asy, 2: brn.frq.mea, 3: tmp.max.masy, 4: def.asy, 5: cld.asy, 6: veg.ent, 7: vrm.med, 8: luc.pct.mea) (plotted in Extended Data Fig. 9C) (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)

./etc/: other rasters generated as part of analysis, including:

NIRv_4_EOFs_sqrt_coswts_standts.tif: 4 EOFs calculated from the global map of fitted annual average NIRv LSP phenocycles (calculated using square-root-cosine weighting on latitude and using standardized phenocycle time series) (global, 0.05 degree,EPSG:4326)
NIRv_4_EOFs_sqrt_coswts_standts.tif: the same EOFs as the previously listed filed, but transformed for RGB visual display in Fig. 1 (scaled to the [0, 1] interval, 'folded' over the ITCZ using a latitudinally varying weighted sum of EOF and 1-EOF, and reprojected to the Greenwich-centered Equal Earth projection) (global, EPSG:8857)
NIRv_LSP_modality_EPSG8857.tif: LSP modality (from perfect annual to perfect semiannual), plotted in Extended Data Fig. 6A (global, EPSG:8857)
NIRv_SIF_phen_R2s.tif: R^2s between all NIRv and SIF LSP phenocycles, plotted in Extended Data Fig. 6B (global, 0.05 degree, EPSG:4326)

./tables/:

./LSP_fitting_examples/: GeoJSONs of raw data extracted at the example sites plotted in Extended Data Fig. 2A-D
./itcz/: Shapefiles of the boreal summer and winter average ITCZ lines, digitized from Zhisheng et al. and used to calculate the annual-mean ITCZ map that was used in visualization in Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 4
./isoclim/: Shapefile of results of the isoclimatic phenological asynchrony analysis (Fig. 3)
./phen/inat/: data and results for iNaturalist flowering phenology analysis, including:

TID_*.json: GeoJSONs of the flowering observation data used to plot the two examples shown in Fig. 4A
all_inat_plant_phen_taxa.csv: all iNat taxa that had available plant phenology data, as of date of download
inat_hex_results.json: GeoJSON of hextile-summarized results of flowering modality (Extended Data Fig. 10)
iNat_MMRR_results_ALL.csv: unformatted version of SUPP_TAB_4_iNat_MMRR_results.csv, containing results for all tested taxa (Extended Data Table 4 shows only taxa with significant results for the LSP-distance coefficient)

./phen/coffea_arabica/: four CSVs of sampling points digitized within polygons shown in the [Bacca et al.](https://doi.org/10.19053/20275137.3200) Fig. 2 version of the Colombian coffee harvest map, for analysis of harvest asynchrony analysis (analyzed in Fig. 4C)
./gen/rhinella_granulosa/: tables of geographic sampling locations and pairwise genetic distances (derived from Thomé et al. data), for analysis of genetic isolation by phenological asynchrony in Rhinella granulosa (Fig. 4B)
./gen/xiphorhnychus_fuscus/: tables of geographic sampling locations and pairwise genetic distances (derived from Quintero et al. data), for analysis of genetic isolation by phenological asynchrony in Xiphorhynchus fuscus (Fig. 4B)
./SI/SUPP_TAB_*: tables from the Supplementary Information
./ED/TAB_*: tables containing content that is visualized in the Extended Data figures
./etc/: additional tabular results that are reported but are not presented in full within the paper, including:

EXTRA_TAB_landgen_MMRR_results.csv: a table of the full landscape genetic MMRR results
EXTRA_TAB_drivers_model_tuning_results_subset_frac_*_NIRv_100km.csv: tables of the hyperparameter tuning results for the phenological asynchrony drivers model, for both of the subsetting fractions of the full raster dataset that were tested (0.05, and 0.005); tuning was done using a 100 km neighborhood and the NIRv-based LSP asynchrony map

./figures/:

./main/FIG_*: the main figures
./ED/ED_FIG_*: the Extended Data figures

./videos/:

./SI/SUPP_VID_1_normalized_NIRv_LSP_300dpi.mp4: Supplementary Information Video 1, animating the average annual LSP phenocycles for all global pixels

./logs/: files logging additional metrics and results that are printed to STDOUT by some analyses, including:

NIRv_SIF_LSP_R2_median_stats_result.log.png: NIRv-SIF LSP correlation results (Extended Data Fig. 6B)
cheatgrass_stats_results.log.png: the cheatgrass analysis (Fig. 2B)
./drivers/: short summary info for all phenological asynchrony random forest models (Extended Data Fig. 9A)
isoclim_stats_results.log.png: isoclimatic phenology asynchrony analysis (Fig. 3)
inat_phen_MMRR.log: iNat phenology MMRR analysis (Fig. 4A)
plot_flowphen_landgen_cafe_results.log: log produced by the script that runs all analyses plotted in Fig. 4

Filename abbreviation glossary

*: 'wildcard' (indicates that multiple files exist with different filename patterns in this position) 
NIRv: NIRv-derived LSP
SIF: SIF-derived LSP
tmmn and tmmx: minimum and maximum temperature
tmp.min.asy and tmp.max.asy: asynchrony in seasonality of minimum and maximum temperature
pr: precipitation
ppt.asy: asynchrony in seasonality of precipitation
def: climate water deficit
def.asy: asynchrony in seasonality of climate water deficit
cloud: fractional cloud cover
cld.asy: asynchrony in seasonality of fractional cloud cover
brn.frq.mea: 100 km neighborhood mean burn frequency
veg.ent: 100 km neighborhood entropy in vegetation structure
vrm.med: 100 km median vector ruggedness metric
luc.pct.mea: 100 km neighborhood mean percent land use and land cover change
EOF: empirical orthogonal functions

Questions? Please reach out! *drew DOT terasaki DOT hart AT gmail DOT com*