National Survey on Household Living Conditions and Agriculture 2014, Wave 2 Panel Data - Niger

Abstract
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Niger is part of the Living Standards Measurement Study - Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) program. This program has developed a household level survey with a view to enhancing our knowledge of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, its role in poverty reduction and the techniques for promoting efficiency and innovation in this sector. To achieve this objective, an innovative model for agricultural data collection in this region will need to be developed and implemented. To this end, activities conducted in the future will be supported by four main pillars - a multisectoral framework, institutional integration, analytical capacity building, and active dissemination.

- First, agricultural statistical data collection must be part of an expanded and multisectoral framework that goes beyond the rural area. This will facilitate generation of the data needed to formulate effective agricultural policies throughout Niger and in the broader framework of the rural economy.

- Second, agricultural statistical data collection must be supported by a well-adapted institutional framework suited to fostering collaboration and the integration of data sources. By supporting a multi-pronged approach to data collection, this project seeks to foster intersectoral collaboration and overcome a number of the current institutional constraints.

- Third, national capacity building needs to be strengthened in order to enhance the reliability of the data produced and strengthen the link between the producers and users of data. This entails having the capacity to analyze data and to produce appropriate public data sets in a timely manner. The lack of analytical expertise in developing countries perpetuates weak demand for statistical data.

- Consequently, the foregoing has a negative impact on the quality and availability of policy-related analyses. Scant dissemination of statistics and available results has compounded this problem.

In all countries where the LSMS-ISA project will be executed, the process envisioned for data collection will be a national household survey, based on models of LSMS surveys to be conducted every three years for a panel of households. The sampling method to be adopted should ensure the quality of the data, taking into account the depth/complexity of the questionnaire and panel size, while ensuring that samples are representative.

The main objectives of the ECVM/A are to:

- Gauge the progress made with achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs);

- Facilitate the updating of the social indicators used in formulating the policies aimed at improving the living conditions of the population;

- Provide data related to several areas that are important to Niger without conducting specific surveys on individual topics ;

- Provide data on several important areas for Niger that are not necessarily collected in other more specific surveys.

Geographic coverage
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The ECVM/A 2014 is a panel survey with the ECVM/A 2011. The ECVM/A 2011 was designed to have national coverage, including both urban and rural areas in all the regions of the country. The domains are defined as the entire country, the city of Niamey; and other urban areas, rural areas, and in the rural areas, agricultural zones, agro-pastoral zones and pastoral zones.

Analysis unit
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- Individuals

- Households

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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2011 Survey

The ECVM/A 2011 was been designed to have national coverage, including both urban and rural areas in all the regions of the country. The domains are defined as the entire country, the city of Niamey; and other urban areas, rural areas, and in the rural areas, agricultural zones, agro-pastoral zones and pastoral zones. Taking this into account, 26 explicit sampling strata were selected: Niamey, and urban, agriculture, agro-pastoral and pastoral zones of the seven regions other than Niamey.
The target population was drawn from households in all 8 regions of the country with the exception of certain strata found in Arlit (Agadez Region) because of difficulties in going there, the very low population density, and collective housing. The portion of the population excluded from the sample represents less than 0.4% of the total population of Niger. Of a total of 36,000 people not included in the sample design, about 29,000 live in Arlit and 7,000 in collective housing.

The sample was chosen through a random two stage process:

- In the first stage a certain number of Enumeration Areas (known as Zones de Dénombrement or ZDs) was selected with Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) using the 2001 General Census of Population and Housing as the base for the sample, and the number of households as a measure of size.

- In the second stage, 12 or 18 households were selected with equal probability in each urban or rural ZD respectively. The base for the sample was an exhaustive listing of households that would be done before the start of the survey.

The total estimated size of the 2011 sample was 4,074 households. The fact that this was the first survey with panel households to be revisited in the future was taken into account in the design, making it possible to lose households between the two surveys with minimal adverse effects on the analyses.

2014 Survey

The ECVM/A 2014 is a panel survey with the ECVM/A 2011. All households are identified by three variables - GRAPPE, MENAGE and EXTENSION. GRAPPE is the cluster in which the household is located and MENAGE is the household number within that cluster. The GRAPPE and MENAGE identifiers of the households in 2014 are identical with the grappe and menage identifiers in 2011.

In the ECVM/A 2014, all households that had been interviewed in 2011 were tracked. Households that did not move were interviewed in their existing location. Households that had moved to other locations in Niger were followed and interviewed in their new locations if they could be found in the new location. Households that moved outside of Niger were not followed. Households are identified by the GRAPPE and MENAGE identifiers from 2011 even if they moved to a new location.

Individuals who moved from households, for example women who married and moved to their husband's household or men who moved out to form their own household, were also tracked. In the new location, the individual and all members in the new household were supposed to be interviewed. However in the final data set it is difficult to determine among the households of tracked individuals which one was in the original household and which are the new participants in the survey. While the GRAPPE and MENAGE are identical between the 2011 household and the movers from the 2014 survey, the individual identifiers within the household cannot be matched for these households.

Households that did not move are identified as code "0" in the variable EXTENSION. Households that moved as an entire household are identified as code "1" in variable EXTENSION. Households with an individual who moved from an original household and resided in a new household in 2014 are identified as code "2" in variable EXTENSION.

Within households, individuals should have the same identification numbers as they had in 2011. The variable MS01Q00 in the 2014 data contains the individual identification number within the household. In 2011, the variable is ms01q00. The identification numbers for members who left the household between 2011 and 2014 should not be found in the 2014 data. Their identification numbers should not have been reassigned to any other members. New members who joined the household after the 2011 survey will have identification numbers starting after the highest identification number found in the 2011 data. It is always possible that there were mistakes made in the identification of individuals in the households and the data may not be perfectly matched.

The households that moved maintain the GRAPPE (cluster) and MENAGE (household within the cluster) identification information from 2011 so that they can be matched back to information from the 2011 survey. They may have moved to a different region in the country, but are identified with their original location.

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRES - FIRST VISIT

The ECVM/A involves two visits, which means that each household is visited twice. The first visit takes place during the planting season. The second visit takes place during the harvest season. The household and agriculture/livestock, as well as the community/price questionnaire are administered during the first visit. During the second visit, the household and agriculture/livestock questionnaires are administered in full, but the community questionnaire only collects price information.

The household questionnaire comprises 18 sections, not including the cover page which covers information of a general nature (identity, name of household head) and Section 0 which covers detailed information on household identification and the results of the survey. In the first visit, 16 of the sections were administered.

- Section 1 focuses on the socio-demographic characteristics of household members (gender, age, relations with household head, survival of relations);

- Sections 2 and 3 focus respectively on the education and health of household members;

- Section 4 focuses on the characteristics of the labor market and seeks to determine whether the subject is inactive (retirees, for example), unemployed or employed; and in the case of those in employment, to identify the characteristics of their employment (socio-professional category, seniority, working hours, income etc.);

- Section 5 focuses on non-agricultural enterprises owned either by a household member, or by the household. The enterprises concerned are all enterprises in which a household member is the boss, a partner, or self-employed;

- Sections 6 and 7 focus respectively to the characteristics of the household dwelling (status of occupancy, nature of walls, roof, flooring, number of rooms etc.) and its equipment in terms of durable goods and production tools;

- Section 8 focuses on the income of household members which is not derived from employment (pensions, scholarships, income from rent etc.);

- Section 9 focuses on fund transfers made by the household to other households and remittances received from other households, and social assistance received by the household members;

- Section 10 focuses on negative shocks sustained by the household during the 12 months prior to the interview and the coping strategies adopted in this regard;

- Section 11 focuses on non-food household expenditure items (exclusive of education, health and accommodation which are addressed under the appropriate sections above);

- Section 12 focuses on food consumption (expenditure, auto-consumption, gifts and donations);

- Section 13 focuses on addresses other information on food consumption during the 7 days preceding the survey, with particular reference to food consumption according to food group;

- Section 14 focuses on food security;

- Section 15 looks at the aspirations of individuals from 15 to 25 years of age and the constraints or facilitators to those aspirations; and

- Section 16 looks at psychology and attitudes of individual 15 to 25 years of age.

SECOND VISIT QUESTIONNAIRE

The second visit household questionnaire is a reduced version of the version used in the first round. It includes information to determine if members who were in the household in the first visit are still in the household and if there are any new members. When there are new members, the questionnaire is used to collect limited basic socio-demographic information.

In addition, information for all households is collected on non-food expenditures of the household (Section 11), food consumption (Section 12), other information on food consumption for the past 7 days, notably the foods consumed by type of food (Section 13), and food security (Section 14).

Two new sections were added to the second visit household questionnaire.

- Section 17 is about the consumption of livestock owned by the household for the Tabaski festival; and

- Section 18 is about children between the ages of 5 and 15 who live outside of the household.

AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK QUESTIONNAIRE - FIRST VISIT

Like the household questionnaire, the agriculture/livestock questionnaire is divided into sections and sub-sections. In the first visit, which is administered in the post-planting season, three sections were administered:

- Section 1 collects information on the household’s access to land;

- Section 2 collects information about inputs, labor, types of crops, and costs for rainy season agriculture; and

- Section 3 collects information on agricultural equipment owned/used by the household.

AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK QUESTIONNAIRE - SECOND VISIT

The agriculture and livestock questionnaire, second visit, collects information on the harvest and on livestock production in the household. The sections include:

- Section 1 collect’s information on the household’s access to land;

- Section 2 collects information about inputs, labor, types of crops, costs, and amount of harvest for rainy season agriculture;

- Section 4 collects information on livestock including type of livestock, reproduction, shelter, feeding, water, health, labor, meat production, milk production, egg production, use of animals for transportation and work, production and use of manure, and transhumance; and

- Section 5 collects information on tree culture and perennials, agricultural extension, and climate change.

COMMUNITY QUESTIONNAIRE

The community questionnaire has 7 sections. In addition, the cover pages collects general information (identification information, etc.) and section 0 provides the names of the respondents.

- Section 1 collects information relative to the existence and accessibility of social services;

- Section 2 collects information on the economy and infrastructure in the village/neighborhood.

- Section 3 is dedicated to health;

- Section 4 collects the characteristics of agriculture in the village/neighborhood;

- Section 5 looks at livestock and negative shocks which the community has been victim during the last 5 years;

- Section 6 reports community needs for infrastructure; and

- Section 7 collects local prices.

In the second visit, the community questionnaire was used only to collect local prices.

Cleaning operations
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The data entry was done in the field simultaneously with the data collection. Each data collection team included a data entry operator who key entered the data soon after it was collected. The data entry program was designed in CSPro, a data entry package developed by the US Census Bureau. This program allows three types of data checks: (1) range checks; (2) intra-record checks to verify inconsistencies pertinent to the particular module of the questionnaire; and (3) inter-record checks to determine inconsistencies between the different modules of the questionnaire.

Data appraisal
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Basic Counts

The data as distributed represent the best effort to provide complete information. The data were collected and cleaned prior to the construction of the consumption aggregate. Using the same guidelines as were used in 2011, the households that are provided in the data set should have consumption data for both visits. This may not be the case. During the cleaning process, it was found that households had been misidentified which allowed more households to be included in the final consumption aggregate file (see below). The raw data that contains household/item level data that was used to calculate the consumption aggregate has been included in the distribution file.There are 3,614 households and 26,579 individuals in the data.

摘要
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尼日尔是生活标准测量研究——综合农业调查（LSMS-ISA）项目的一部分。该项目旨在通过开展家庭层面调查，以深化我们对撒哈拉以南非洲农业的认识，特别是其在减贫以及促进该领域效率和创新的角色的理解。为实现此目标，该地区将需要开发并实施一种创新的农业数据收集模式。为此，未来的活动将由四个主要支柱支撑——多部门框架、机构整合、分析能力建设以及积极的信息传播。

- 首先，农业统计数据收集必须成为超越农村地区的扩展的多部门框架的一部分。这将促进生成尼日尔全国以及更广泛的农村经济框架内制定有效农业政策所需的数据。

- 其次，农业统计数据收集必须得到一个适应良好的机构框架的支持，以促进合作和数据源的整合。通过支持多渠道的数据收集方法，本项目旨在促进跨部门合作并克服当前的一些机构限制。

- 第三，需要加强国家能力建设，以提高数据的可靠性并加强数据生产者和使用者之间的联系。这包括具备分析数据并及时生产适当公共数据集的能力。发展中国家分析专家的缺乏导致了对统计数据的弱需求。

- 因此，上述因素对政策相关分析的质量和可获得性产生了负面影响。统计数据和可用结果的传播不足加剧了这一问题。

在LSMS-ISA项目将要实施的各个国家，数据收集的过程将是一个基于LSMS调查模式的国家级家庭调查，每三年对一组家庭进行调查。所采用的抽样方法应确保数据的质量，同时考虑到问卷的深度/复杂性和样本规模，并确保样本具有代表性。

ECVM/A的主要目标包括：

- 评估实现千年发展目标（MDGs）的进展情况；

- 促进用于制定旨在改善人民生活条件的政策的社交指标的更新；

- 提供有关尼日尔多个重要领域的数据，而无需就个别主题进行具体调查；

- 提供尼日尔多个重要领域的数据，这些数据在其他更具体的调查中可能并未收集。

地理覆盖范围
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2014年ECVM/A是一项与2011年ECVM/A相关的面板调查。2011年ECVM/A旨在实现全国覆盖，包括国家所有地区的城市和农村地区。领域定义为整个国家、尼亚美市以及其他城市地区、农村地区，以及农村地区中的农业区、农业牧业区和游牧区。

分析单元
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- 个人

- 家庭

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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2011调查

2011年ECVM/A被设计为具有全国覆盖范围，包括国家所有地区的城市和农村地区。领域定义为整个国家、尼亚美市以及其他城市地区、农村地区，以及农村地区中的农业区、农业牧业区和游牧区。考虑到这一点，选择了26个明确的抽样层：尼亚美市，以及尼亚美市以外的七个地区的城市、农业、农业牧业和游牧区。

目标人群来自全国8个地区的家庭，除了阿加德兹地区的阿瑞特（Arlit），因为前往那里存在困难，人口密度非常低，以及集体住房。样本中排除的人口所占的比例不到尼日尔总人口的0.4%。在总共36,000名未被纳入样本设计的个人中，约有29,000人居住在阿瑞特，7,000人居住在集体住房。

样本通过两个阶段的随机过程选择：

- 在第一阶段，根据2001年人口和住房普查的数据，使用规模比例抽样（PPS）选择了特定数量的户籍区（称为人口统计区或ZDs），并将户籍数作为规模的衡量标准。

- 在第二阶段，在每一个城市或农村ZD中，以相等的概率选择了12或18个家庭。样本的基础是调查开始前将要进行的家庭详单。

2011年样本的估计总规模为4,074个家庭。考虑到这是第一个将要在未来进行回访的面板家庭调查，这一因素在设计中被考虑在内，使得在两次调查之间可能失去的家庭数量最小化，对分析的影响最小。

2014调查

2014年ECVM/A是与2011年ECVM/A相关的面板调查。所有家庭都通过三个变量进行识别——GRAPPE、MENAGE和EXTENSION。GRAPPE是家庭所在的集群，MENAGE是该集群内的家庭编号。2014年家庭的GRAPPE和MENAGE标识符与2011年的grappe和menage标识符相同。

在ECVM/A 2014中，所有在2011年接受过调查的家庭都被追踪。未搬迁的家庭在其现有位置接受调查。搬迁到尼日尔其他地区的新家庭被追踪并接受调查，如果在新位置能找到他们的话。搬迁到尼日尔以外地区的家庭没有追踪。家庭通过2011年的GRAPPE和MENAGE标识符进行识别，即使他们搬迁到了新位置。

从家庭中搬出的个人，例如已婚并搬入丈夫家庭的妇女或搬出去建立自己家庭的男子，也被追踪。在新位置，应调查该个人和新家庭的所有成员。然而，在最终数据集中，很难确定追踪个人的家庭中哪个是原始家庭，以及哪些是新调查参与者。虽然2011年家庭和2014年调查中的搬迁者之间的GRAPPE和MENAGE是相同的，但这些家庭内的个人标识符无法匹配。

未搬迁的家庭在变量EXTENSION中被识别为代码“0”。整个家庭搬迁的家庭在变量EXTENSION中被识别为代码“1”。在2014年，家庭中有个人从原始家庭搬出并居住在新家庭中的家庭在变量EXTENSION中被识别为代码“2”。

在家庭内部，个人应与他们在2011年相同的标识号码。2014年数据中的变量MS01Q00包含家庭内部个人的标识号码。在2011年，该变量是ms01q00。在2011年和2014年之间离开家庭的成员的标识号码不应在2014年数据中出现。它们的标识号码不应重新分配给任何其他成员。在2011年调查后加入家庭的新的家庭成员将具有从2011年数据中找到的最高标识号码之后的标识号码。总有可能在家庭中个人的识别上出现错误，并且数据可能并不完全匹配。

搬迁的家庭保留了2011年的GRAPPE（集群）和MENAGE（集群内的家庭）标识信息，以便它们可以与2011年调查的信息相匹配。他们可能已经搬到了国家的另一个地区，但以他们原始的位置进行识别。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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家庭问卷 - 第一次访问

ECVM/A涉及两次访问，这意味着每个家庭将被访问两次。第一次访问发生在种植季节。第二次访问发生在收获季节。在第一次访问期间，进行家庭和农业/畜牧业以及社区/价格问卷。在第二次访问期间，进行全面的家庭和农业/畜牧业问卷，但社区问卷仅收集价格信息。

家庭问卷包括18个部分，不包括封面页，它涵盖了一般信息（身份、户主姓名）和第0部分，它涵盖了家庭识别和调查结果的详细信息。在第一次访问期间，进行了16个部分的调查。

- 第1部分侧重于家庭成员的社会人口特征（性别、年龄、与户主的关系、关系人的生存情况）；

- 第2部分和第3部分分别侧重于家庭成员的教育和健康；

- 第4部分侧重于劳动力市场的特征，旨在确定主体是否不活跃（例如，退休人员），失业或就业；对于就业者，要确定其就业的特征（社会职业类别、资历、工作时间、收入等）；

- 第5部分侧重于家庭成员或家庭拥有的非农业企业。相关企业是家庭成员是老板、合伙人或自雇的企业；

- 第6部分和第7部分分别侧重于家庭住宅的特征（居住状况、墙壁、屋顶、地板、房间数量等）以及其在耐用商品和生产工具方面的设备；

- 第8部分侧重于家庭成员的、非来自就业的收入（养老金、奖学金、租金收入等）；

- 第9部分侧重于家庭向其他家庭转移的资金、从其他家庭收到的汇款以及家庭成员收到的社会援助；

- 第10部分侧重于家庭在访谈前12个月内遭受的负面冲击以及采取的应对策略；

- 第11部分侧重于非食品家庭支出项目（不包括教育、健康和住宿，这些内容在上面的适当部分中已解决）；

- 第12部分侧重于食品消费（支出、自用、礼物和捐赠）；

- 第13部分侧重于调查前7天内其他关于食品消费的信息，特别是关于食品组的食品消费；

- 第14部分侧重于粮食安全；

- 第15部分关注15至25岁个人的抱负以及实现这些抱负的制约因素或促进因素；

- 第16部分关注15至25岁个人的心理和态度。

第二次访问问卷

第二次访问家庭问卷是第一轮使用的版本的简化版。它包括确定第一次访问中在家庭中的成员是否仍在家庭中以及是否有新成员的信息。如果有新成员，问卷用于收集有限的基本社会人口信息。

此外，还收集了有关所有家庭的非食品支出（第11部分）、食品消费（第12部分）、过去7天内其他关于食品消费的信息（特别是按食品类型的食品消费）以及粮食安全（第14部分）的信息。

第二次访问家庭问卷中增加了两个新部分。

- 第17部分关于家庭拥有的牲畜在Tabaski节期间的消费；

- 第18部分关于5至15岁居住在家庭以外的儿童。

农业和畜牧业问卷 - 第一次访问

与家庭问卷一样，农业/畜牧业问卷也分为部分和子部分。在种植季节后的第一次访问中，进行了三个部分的调查：

- 第1部分收集有关家庭获得土地的信息；

- 第2部分收集有关投入、劳动力、作物类型和雨季农业的成本；

- 第3部分收集有关家庭拥有的/使用的农业设备。

农业和畜牧业问卷 - 第二次访问

第二次访问的农业和畜牧业问卷收集有关家庭收获和畜牧业生产的信息。部分包括：

- 第1部分收集有关家庭获得土地的信息；

- 第2部分收集有关投入、劳动力、作物类型、成本和雨季农业收获量；

- 第4部分收集有关牲畜，包括牲畜类型、繁殖、住所、饲养、饮水、健康、劳动力、肉类生产、牛奶生产、蛋类生产、动物用于运输和工作、粪便的生产和使用以及游牧；

- 第5部分收集有关树木栽培和多年生植物、农业推广和气候变化。

社区问卷

社区问卷有7个部分。封面页收集一般信息（识别信息等），第0部分提供受访者的姓名。

- 第1部分收集有关社会服务的存在和可及性信息；

- 第2部分收集有关村庄/社区的经