Tetrodotoxin-resistant Na(+) currents and inflammatory hyperalgesia

Several mechanisms have been identified that may underlie inflammation-induced sensitization of high-threshold primary afferent neurons, including the modulation of voltage- and Ca(2+)-dependent ion channels and ion channels responsible for the production of generator potentials. One such mechanism that has recently received a lot of attention is the modulation of a tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant voltage-gated Na(+) current. Evidence supporting a role for TTX-resistant Na(+) currents in the sensitization of primary afferent neurons and inflammatory hyperalgesia is reviewed. Such evidence is derived from studies on the distribution of TTX-resistant Na(+) currents among primary afferent neurons and other tissues of the body that suggest that these currents are expressed only in a subpopulation of primary afferent neurons that are likely to be involved in nociception. Data from studies on the biophysical properties of these currents suggest that they are ideally suited to mediate the repetitive discharge associated with prolonged membrane depolarizations. Data from studies on the effects of inflammatory mediators and antinociceptive agents on TTX-resistant Na(+) currents suggest that modulation of these currents is an underlying mechanism of primary afferent neuron sensitization. In addition, the second-messenger pathways underlying inflammatory mediator-induced modulation of these currents appear to underlie inflammatory mediator-induced hyperalgesia. Finally, recent antisense studies have also yielded data supporting a role for TTX-resistant Na(+) currents in inflammatory hyperalgesia. Although data from these studies are compelling, data presented at the Neurobiology of Pain colloquium raised a number of interesting questions regarding the role of TTX-resistant Na(+) currents in inflammatory hyperalgesia; implications of three of these questions are discussed.