CARIOUS AND NON-CARIOUS DISEASES OF THE ORAL CAVITY

Carious and non-carious diseases of the oral cavity are among the most common dental conditions affecting individuals of all age groups. Dental caries is a multifactorial infectious disease caused by the interaction of cariogenic microorganisms, fermentable carbohydrates, host susceptibility, and time, leading to progressive demineralization and destruction of hard dental tissues. In contrast, non-carious lesions are not associated with bacterial infection and include conditions such as dental erosion, abrasion, attrition, enamel hypoplasia, and fluorosis, which arise from mechanical, chemical, developmental, or systemic factors. Although their etiologies differ, both types of lesions may cause structural damage, functional impairment, tooth sensitivity, and aesthetic concerns. Early diagnosis, preventive strategies, and patient education play a crucial role in reducing the prevalence and complications of these conditions. A comprehensive understanding of their clinical features and risk factors is essential for effective management and long-term oral health preservation.