Participants’ characteristics by different initial CKD stages.

Note: Data for categorical variables are given as percentage; data for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range).†The normal BMI value: male is 19.2–23.7 kg/m2 and female is 18.3–22.7 kg/m2 (Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan, R.O.C.). [Spindle 2009 health education advocacy plan survey summary report - The definition of body mass index in adults in Taiwan. February 2009 36(1) 23–26].aFor trend; bBy one-way ANOVA test; cBy Chi-square test; dBy Kruskal-Wallis test.Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; MDRD, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration formula; PCR, urine protein to urine creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NA, non-available; ACEI & ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors & angiotensin II receptor blockers; OAD, oral antidiabetics; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent.††CKD-EPI formula, references:1. Delanaye, P, Mariat, C. (2013) The applicability of eGFR equations to different populations. Nat. Rev. Nephrol 9: 513–522.2. Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, et al. (2009) A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med 150: 604–612.3. Matsushita K, Mahmoodi BK, Woodward M, Emberson JR, Jafar TH, et al. (2012) Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA. 307: 1941–1951.