Hydrological modification drives century-scale eutrophication and invasion increasing invertebrate assemblage heterogeneity in Lake Fúquene, Colombia

Hydrological alteration, eutrophication and macrophyte invasion generate novel ecological states and biotic homogenisation in shallow lakes. As these stressors increasingly co-occur and unfold over decades to centuries, disentangling their combined effects on invertebrate assemblages remains however, challenging. To assess their long-term (decades-centuries) interactions on driving aquatic invertebrates, we analysed three ²¹⁰Pb-dated sediment cores spanning contrasting dominance of the invasives Egeria densa (submerged), Pontederia crassipes (floating) and Azolla filiculoides (floating) in Fúquene, a largely-drained, eutrophic Andean shallow lake (Colombia). Eighteen invertebrate taxa were recorded with multivariate analyses explaining 51% of assemblage variation and identified a pre-1800 mesotrophic phase; a drainage phase (1800–late 1980s) marked by shifts towards eutrophic taxa; and a post-perimeter canal phase (post-1990) characterised by invasive expansion and distinct macrophyte-a..., 1.   Material and methods
(a) Study area
Lake Fúquene is a shallow, tropical, upland lake (2,560 m elevation) in the eastern Cordillera of the Colombian Andes (5°27'55''N, 75°46'19''W) (figure 1). With a current surface area of 30 km² and mean depth of 2 m (maximum 6 m), the lake is eutrophic (total phosphorus [TP] > 0.40 mg/L; total nitrogen [TN]: 1.8 mg/L), with TP and TN loading predominantly from agriculture (60%) and domestic sources (~20%) [55,56]. TP and TN concentrations in surface sediments are also elevated (TN: 2,095 mg/kg; TP: 815.08 mg/kg) [56]. Since the 1990s, the lake has been dominated by large stands of P. crassipes, A. filiculoides, and E. densa, creating distinct limnological conditions (figure 1). Areas dominated by P. crassipes and A. filiculoides support higher macrophyte diversity (10-14 species) but lower dissolved oxygen (DO < 4 mg/L) and water transparency (< 50 cm). In contrast, E. densa-dominated areas present lower macrophyte richness (5 ..., # Hydrological modification drives century-scale eutrophication and invasion increasing invertebrate assemblage heterogeneity in Lake Fúquene, Colombia

Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.2jm63xt27](10.5061/dryad.2jm63xt27)

## Description of the data and file structure

Palaeoecological data including core depth (cm), Age (yr CE), Loss on ignition (LOI%), total nitrogen (TN%), zirconium-iron ratio (Zr/Fe), overal macrophyte structure variation derived form principal curve analysis (prc_plants), and invertebrate macroremains (relative abundances; 100 cm3) from three sediment cores (LFUQ-WH1; LFUQ-E1 and LFUQ-M1) spanning the last 600 years collected from distinct areas of Lake Fúquene, Colombia. Each core represents a site dominated by a different invasive macrophyte species: *Egeria densa* (Brazilian elodea; LFUQ-E1), *Pontederia crassipes* (water hyacinth; LFUQ-WH1), and *Azolla filiculoides* (water fern; LFUQ-M1).

### Files and variables

#### File: Fuq_inv_metadata_final.csv

**Descriptio..., ,