Landscape drivers and spatial extent predict epiphyte biodiversity across human-modified landscapes.

We showed that habitat loss, fragmentation, and edge effects all play a negative role on understorey epiphytic communities, but their detectability is scale dependant. The scale-of-effects can assist landscape designs that are beneficial for epiphytic communities, by preserving forest cover, and reducing fragmentation and exposure to edge effects at small scales (200-300m). Conversely, landscape-scales actions directed at reducing habitat loss and fragmentation function at larger spatial extents (&gt;2000 m). Selecting <i>a priori</i> or inadequate spatial extents of analysis can obscure the detectability of landscape processes.