urban ecological network resilience

Resilience of ecological networks (ENs) is a critical indicator of urban ecosystem stability. However, the unweighted ecological networks commonly adopted in existing assessment approaches neglect structural heterogeneity, thereby averaging out local differences and leading to a detachment from ecological reality. To address this, using the Urban Agglomeration around Hangzhou Bay (UAHB) as a case study, we constructed a weighted ecological network by integrating species distribution data and incorporating biological migration costs into network weights. Building on this, we propose three ecologically adjusted resilience metrics: optimal connected subgraph coefficient (S'), ecological efficiency index (E'), ecological resilience index (ERI) to quantify network responses to dynamic disturbances and evaluated the effectiveness of eight spatial collaborative optimization strategies. Results indicate that, unlike the lagged response of traditional topological metrics, our adjusted metrics reveal a precipitous, non-linear collapse in network function prior to physical structural disintegration, suggesting that traditional methods overestimate urban ecosystem stability. Furthermore, regarding spatial optimization, we identified the number-first strategy from a global perspective (G_no) as the optimal strategy based on the proposed resilience assessment framework. This study advances the transition of resilience assessment from geometric connectivity to functional persistence, providing a scientific basis for cross-regional urban ecological governance.